TABLE 4.
Univariate analysis of additional risk factors
| Risk Factor | No. of Procedures | No. of Infections (%) | p Value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Compliance category |
|
|
<0.01 |
| 5 steps alone |
443 |
36 (8.1) |
|
| 5 steps + vancomycin & gentamicin |
218 |
17 (7.8) |
|
| 5 steps + AIC |
2760 |
136 (4.9) |
|
| 5 steps + vancomycin, gentamicin, & AIC |
185 |
17 (9.2) |
|
| 5 steps + AIC & vancomycin irrigation |
297 |
6 (2.0) |
|
| Other combination |
1010 |
40 (4.0) |
|
| CCCs |
|
|
<0.01 |
| 0 |
2693 |
117 (4.3) |
|
| 1 |
1505 |
78 (5.2) |
|
| ≥2 |
715 |
57 (8.0) |
|
| Corrected age at time of procedure |
|
|
0.66 |
| <0 wks |
352 |
19 (5.4) |
|
| 0 to <4 wks |
11 |
0 (0.0) |
|
| 4 to <26 wks |
39 |
4 (10.3) |
|
| 26 to <52 wks |
38 |
2 (5.3) |
|
| 52 to <104 wks |
63 |
2 (3.2) |
|
| ≥104 wks |
4377 |
224 (5.1) |
|
| Unknown |
33 |
1 (3.0) |
|
| Cause of hydrocephalus |
|
|
0.98 |
| Post-infectious |
186 |
10 (5.4) |
|
| Post-IVH secondary to prematurity |
1365 |
76 (5.6) |
|
| Myelomeningocele |
682 |
29 (4.3) |
|
| Aqueductal stenosis |
300 |
15 (5.0) |
|
| Spontaneous ICH/IVH/SAH |
161 |
9 (5.6) |
|
| Posterior fossa tumor |
267 |
12 (4.5) |
|
| Supratentorial tumor |
286 |
15 (5.2) |
|
| Midbrain tumor or other midbrain lesion |
93 |
4 (4.3) |
|
| Post-head injury |
148 |
7 (4.7) |
|
| Encephalocele |
57 |
3 (5.3) |
|
| Posterior fossa cyst, including Dandy-Walker |
171 |
13 (7.6) |
|
| Other intracranial cyst (e.g., arachnoid cyst) |
137 |
6 (4.4) |
|
| Communicating congenital hydrocephalus |
207 |
12 (5.8) |
|
| Other congenital (e.g., schizencephaly) |
126 |
7 (5.6) |
|
| Craniosynostosis |
47 |
4 (8.5) |
|
| Other cause |
255 |
13 (5.1) |
|
| Unknown cause |
46 |
1 (2.2) |
|
| Unknown |
379 |
16 (4.2) |
|
| Prior shunt surgery |
|
|
<0.01 |
| None |
2439 |
98 (4.0) |
|
| <12 wks |
1132 |
90 (8.0) |
|
| 12 to <26 wks |
322 |
22 (6.8) |
|
| 26 to <52 wks |
262 |
9 (3.4) |
|
| >52 wks |
758 |
33 (4.4) |
|
| Prior shunt infection |
|
|
0.36 |
| None |
4584 |
228 (5.0) |
|
| <12 wks |
192 |
14 (7.3) |
|
| 12 to <26 wks |
58 |
3 (5.2) |
|
| 26 to <52 wks |
21 |
2 (9.5) |
|
| >52 wks | 58 | 5 (8.6) |
ICH = intracerebral hemorrhage; IVH = intraventricular hemorrhage; SAH = subarachnoid hemorrhage.