Table 2.
Comparison according to CMV infection
| Variables | CMV infection | Univariate logistic regression analysis |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Yes (n = 7) |
No (n = 118) |
P-value | Odds ratio (95% CI) |
P-value | ||||
| Gestational age (weeks) | 27.86 ± 3.44 | 27.73 ± 2.68 | 0.63 2 | 0.97 (0.71–1.31) | 0.81 | |||
| Body weight (g) | 1012.86 ± 271 | 1044.59 ± 358 | 0.82 2 | 1.00 (1.00–1.00) | 0.82 | |||
| Delivery type (NSVD / CS) | 3 / 4 | 26 / 92 | 0.35 1 | 0.38 (0.08–1.79) | 0.22 | |||
| Sex (male / female) | 2 / 5 | 61 / 57 | 0.27 1 | 2.68 (0.50-14.34) | 0.25 | |||
| Small for gestational age | 1 (14.3) | 20 (16.9) | 1.00 1 | 0.79 (0.14–4.56) | 0.80 | |||
| Type of pregnancy | ||||||||
| Single / twin or triplet | 6 / 1 | 47 / 71 | 0.04 1 | 0.11 (0.01–0.95) | 0.04 | |||
| Surfactant use | 6 (85.7) | 96 (81.4) | 1.00 1 | 1.37 (0.16–12.01) | 0.77 | |||
| Bronchopulmonary dysplasia | 4 (57.1) | 70 (59.3) | 1.00 1 | 0.91 (0.20–4.27) | 0.91 | |||
| Significant patent ductus arteriosus* | 3 (42.9) | 51 (43.2) | 1.00 1 | 0.99 (0.21–4.60) | 0.98 | |||
| ROP (≥ stage 2) | 2 (28.6) | 24 (20.3) | 0.63 1 | 1.57 (0.29–8.58) | 0.60 | |||
| Necrotizing enterocolitis | 0 (0.0) | 17 (14.4) | 0.59 1 | N/E | ||||
| Sepsis | 2 (28.6) | 45 (38.1) | 0.71 1 | 0.65 (0.12–3.49) | 0.61 | |||
| Numbers of transfusion | ||||||||
| Packed red blood cell | 11.43 ± 11.47 | 7.18 ± 9.50 | 0.38 1 | 1.04 (0.97–1.11) | 0.27 | |||
| Platelet concentrate | 5.29 ± 9.39 | 3.64 ± 9.46 | 0.97 1 | 1.01 (0.95–1.08) | 0.66 | |||
| Fresh frozen plasma | 0.43 ± 0.79 | 1.53 ± 7.62 | 0.74 1 | 0.83 (0.39–1.76) | 0.62 | |||
| Total parental nutrition days | 47.57 ± 28.59 | 40.74 ± 28.83 | 0.42 3 | 1.01 (0.98–1.03) | 0.54 | |||
| Days to achieve full enteral feeding | 44.14 ± 31.68 | 41.55 ± 31.40 | 0.69 3 | 1.00 (0.98–1.03) | 0.83 | |||
| Average HM intake (mL/day) | 80.55 ± 45.74 | 81.51 ± 58.21 | 0.70 3 | 1.00 (0.99–1.01) | 0.97 | |||
| Proportion of HM in total enteral intake | ||||||||
| < 25% | 1 (14.3) | 15 (12.7) | 0.331 | Reference | ||||
| 25% – 49% | 1 (14.3) | 42 (35.6) | 0.36 (0.02–6.08) | 0.48 | ||||
| 50% – 75% | 4 (57.1) | 30 (25.4) | 2.00 (0.21–19.50) | 0.55 | ||||
| > 75% | 1 (14.3) | 31 (26.3) | 0.48 (0.03–8.28) | 0.62 | ||||
| Study group | ||||||||
| FT | 2 (28.6) | 39 (33.1) | 0.40 1 | Reference | ||||
| FT + LP | 4 (57.1) | 38 (32.2) | 2.05 (0.35–11.87) | 0.42 | ||||
| FT + HP | 1 (14.3) | 41 (34.7) | 0.48 (0.04–5.46) | 0.55 | ||||
Values are either n (%) or mean ± standard deviation
*Defined as conditions needing medical or surgical treatment
1Fisher’s exact test, 2Independent t-test, 3Mann–Whitney U test, N/E: not estimable
Abbreviations: CMV, cytomegalovirus; CI, confidence interval; NSVD, normal spontaneous vaginal delivery; CS, cesarean section; ROP, retinopathy of prematurity; HM, human milk; FT, freeze-thawing; LP, low-temperature Holder pasteurization; HP, high-temperature short-term pasteurization