Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of participants and outcome parameters.
| Variable | Lactate dehydrogenase to albumin ratio |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| T1 | T2 | T3 | |||
| Total | LAR <8.59 | 8.59 ≤ LAR <14.66 | LAR ≥14.66 | ||
| (n = 6453) | (n = 2150) | (n = 2151) | (n = 2152) | p Value | |
| Age (years) | 63.9 ± 16.1 | 65.4 ± 15.6 | 65.2 ± 15.8 | 61.3 ± 16.6 | <0.001 |
| Male (%) | 3745 (58.0) | 1273 (59.2) | 1233 (57.3) | 1239 (57.6) | 0.396 |
| Ethnicity, white (%) | 4100 (63.5) | 1441 (67) | 1376 (64) | 1283 (59.6) | <0.001 |
| Weight (kg) | 85.1 ± 26.7 | 84.9 ± 28.9 | 84.7 ± 25.4 | 85.8 ± 25.7 | 0.366 |
| Medicare | 2908 (45.1) | 1029 (47.9) | 1002 (46.6) | 877 (40.8) | <0.001 |
| UO (ml) | 1310.0 (775.0, 2100.0) | 1420.0 (857.0, 2175.0) | 1348.0 (820.0, 2094.0) | 1175.0 (630.0, 2020.0) | <0.001 |
| AKI stage (%) | <0.001 | ||||
| 1 | 1058 (16.4) | 397 (18.5) | 365 (17) | 296 (13.8) | |
| 2 | 2895 (44.9) | 1086 (50.5) | 1037 (48.2) | 772 (35.9) | |
| 3 | 2500 (38.7) | 667 (31) | 749 (34.8) | 1084 (50.4) | |
| Vital signs | |||||
| Heart rate (bpm) | 89.8 ± 17.6 | 86.1 ± 16.7 | 89.9 ± 17.5 | 93.6 ± 17.9 | <0.001 |
| MAP (mmHg) | 78.8 ± 12.5 | 79.4 ± 11.8 | 78.2 ± 13.0 | 78.8 ± 12.5 | 0.007 |
| Respiration rate (bpm) | 20.5 ± 4.3 | 19.6 ± 3.8 | 20.3 ± 4.1 | 21.7 ± 4.6 | <0.001 |
| SPO2 (%) | 96.9 ± 2.3 | 97.1 ± 2.0 | 97.0 ± 2.2 | 96.6 ± 2.7 | <0.001 |
| Scoring system, points | |||||
| SOFA score | 3.0 (2.0, 5.0) | 3.0 (2.0, 5.0) | 3.0 (2.0, 5.0) | 4.0 (3.0, 6.0) | <0.001 |
| APS III | 69.2 ± 27.6 | 60.6 ± 24.1 | 68.3 ± 26.5 | 78.9 ± 28.9 | <0.001 |
| CCI | 6.1 ± 3.0 | 6.1 ± 2.9 | 6.2 ± 2.9 | 6.0 ± 3.1 | 0.055 |
| GCS | 14.4 ± 1.9 | 14.4 ± 1.8 | 14.3 ± 2.0 | 14.4 ± 1.9 | 0.344 |
| Laboratory results | |||||
| Hemoglobin (g/dL) | 9.7 ± 2.3 | 9.9 ± 2.2 | 9.7 ± 2.3 | 9.6 ± 2.3 | <0.001 |
| Platelets (k/uL) | 152.0 (97.0, 220.0) | 162.0 (109.0, 229.0) | 158.0 (102.0, 227.0) | 135.0 (78.0, 204.0) | <0.001 |
| WBC (k/uL) | 14.5 (10.1, 20.1) | 13.0 (9.5, 17.8) | 14.8 (10.4, 20.2) | 16.1 (10.8, 22.3) | <0.001 |
| Total bilirubin (mg/dL) | 1.1 (0.6, 3.1) | 0.8 (0.5, 2.1) | 1.0 (0.6, 2.7) | 1.7 (0.8, 4.5) | <0.001 |
| LDH (IU/L) | 309.0 (229.0, 478.0) | 209.0 (176.0, 243.0) | 311.0 (266.0, 366.0) | 618.5 (468.0, 1060.0) | <0.001 |
| Albumin (g/L) | 29.2 ± 6.4 | 32.3 ± 5.9 | 28.6 ± 5.7 | 26.7 ± 6.1 | <0.001 |
| LAR (IU/g) | 11.0 (7.6, 17.7) | 6.8 (5.7, 7.6) | 11.0 (9.7, 12.5) | 23.2 (17.7, 38.9) | <0.001 |
| SCr (mg/dL) | 1.1 (0.8, 1.8) | 1.0 (0.7, 1.6) | 1.1 (0.8, 1.7) | 1.3 (0.9, 2.1) | <0.001 |
| Glucose (mg/dL) | 134.0 (108.0, 176.0) | 130.0 (106.0, 165.0) | 135.0 (109.0, 177.0) | 140.0 (109.0, 190.0) | <0.001 |
| pH | 7.3 ± 0.1 | 7.4 ± 0.1 | 7.4 ± 0.1 | 7.3 ± 0.1 | <0.001 |
| Chloride (mEq/L) | 104.1 ± 7.4 | 103.7 ± 7.1 | 104.6 ± 7.4 | 104.0 ± 7.7 | <0.001 |
| Sodium (mEq/L) | 138.3 ± 6.2 | 138.1 ± 6.0 | 138.4 ± 6.2 | 138.2 ± 6.4 | 0.184 |
| Potassium (mEq/L) | 4.3 ± 0.8 | 4.2 ± 0.7 | 4.2 ± 0.8 | 4.4 ± 0.9 | <0.001 |
| Bicarbonate (mEq/L) | 21.6 ± 5.2 | 22.8 ± 5.2 | 21.8 ± 4.8 | 20.2 ± 5.1 | <0.001 |
| Interventions | |||||
| Ventilator use (%) | 5128 (79.5) | 1710 (79.5) | 1706 (79.3) | 1712 (79.6) | 0.976 |
| Vasopressor use (%) | 790 (12.2) | 156 (7.3) | 249 (11.6) | 385 (17.9) | <0.001 |
| RRT use (%) | 238 (3.7) | 35 (1.6) | 57 (2.6) | 146 (6.8) | <0.001 |
| Loop diuretics use (%) | 691 (10.7) | 175 (8.1) | 230 (10.7) | 286 (13.3) | <0.001 |
| Comorbidities | |||||
| Septic shock (%) | 832 (12.9) | 223 (10.4) | 280 (13) | 329 (15.3) | <0.001 |
| Hypertension (%) | 1698 (26.3) | 631 (29.3) | 562 (26.1) | 505 (23.5) | <0.001 |
| Diabetes mellitus (%) | 1931 (29.9) | 676 (31.4) | 671 (31.2) | 584 (27.1) | 0.002 |
| Myocardial infarct (%) | 1256 (19.5) | 310 (14.4) | 405 (18.8) | 541 (25.1) | <0.001 |
| Congestive heart failure (%) | 2240 (34.7) | 698 (32.5) | 798 (37.1) | 744 (34.6) | 0.006 |
| Chronic pulmonary disease (%) | 1765 (27.4) | 612 (28.5) | 586 (27.2) | 567 (26.3) | 0.294 |
| Malignant cancer (%) | 997 (15.5) | 294 (13.7) | 325 (15.1) | 378 (17.6) | 0.002 |
| Liver disease (%) | 1598 (24.8) | 439 (20.4) | 497 (23.1) | 662 (30.8) | <0.001 |
| Site of infection | |||||
| Lung (%) | 2725 (42.2) | 847 (39.4) | 923 (42.9) | 955 (44.4) | 0.003 |
| Urinary (%) | 1385 (21.5) | 477 (22.2) | 477 (22.2) | 431 (20) | 0.139 |
| Catheter (%) | 202 (3.1) | 65 (3.0) | 64 (3.0) | 73 (3.4) | 0.691 |
| Skin soft tissue (%) | 45 (0.7) | 14 (0.7) | 13 (0.6) | 18 (0.8) | 0.626 |
| Abdominal cavity (%) | 407 (6.3) | 162 (7.5) | 125 (5.8) | 120 (5.6) | 0.016 |
| 28-day mortality (%) | 1728 (26.8) | 388 (18) | 540 (25.1) | 800 (37.2) | <0.001 |
| 90-day mortality (%) | 2285 (35.4) | 576 (26.8) | 738 (34.3) | 971 (45.1) | <0.001 |
| In-hospital mortality (%) | 1542 (23.9) | 327 (15.2) | 467 (21.7) | 748 (34.8) | <0.001 |
Data are presented as the mean ± SD or median (IQR) for skewed variables or numbers (proportions) for categorical variables; T1, LAR < 8.59; T2, 8.59 ≤ LAR <14.66; T3, LAR ≥14.66. bpm: beats per minute; MAP: mean arterial pressure; SOFA score: sequential organ failure assessment score; APS III: acute physiology score III; CCI: Charlson comorbidity index; GCS: Glasgow Coma Scale; WBC: white blood cell count; LDH: lactate dehydrogenase; LAR: lactate dehydrogenase to albumin ratio; SCr: serum creatinine; RRT: renal replacement treatment; AKI: acute kidney injury.