Table 2.

Risk of bias assessment of included studies.

Study	Study design	CARE	RoB2	QUACS	NOS	ROBINS-I	AQUA
Awad et al.53	Prospective, two-arm, observational study	—	—	—	—	Moderate risk	—
Bodor et al.44	Prospective, single-arm, observational study	—	—	—	—	Low risk	—
Çırak and Okur79	Retrospective, single-arm, observational study	—	—	—	7	—	—
Eichenberger et al.41	Randomized controlled trial	—	Low risk	—	—	—	—
Erdogan et al.62	Prospective, single-arm, observational study	—	—	—	—	Moderate risk	—
Etheridge et al.60	Prospective, single-arm, observational study	—	—	—	—	Moderate risk	—
Finlayson et al.43	Anatomic study	—	—	—	—	—	Low risk
Finlayson et al.48	Prospective, single-arm, observational study	—	—	—	—	Moderate risk	—
Finlayson et al.50	Prospective, single-arm, observational study	—	—	—	—	Low risk	—
Finlayson et al.33	Randomized controlled trial	—	Some concerns	—	—	—	—
Finlayson et al.49	Randomized controlled trial	—	Low risk	—	—	—	—
Freire et al.45	Cadaveric study	—	—	11	—	—	—
Galiano et al.40	Cadaveric study	—	—	8	—	—	—
Galiano et al.57	Cadaveric study	—	—	7	—	—	—
Galiano et al.58	Randomized controlled trial	—	Some concerns	—	—	—	—
Gofeld et al.63	Cadaveric study	—	—	8	—	—	—
Gofeld et al.61	Cadaveric study	—	—	9	—	—	—
Greher et al.59	Cadaveric study	—	—	13	—	—	—
Greher et al.27	Cadaveric study	—	—	11	—	—	—
Greher et al.	Mixed methods (cadaveric study; prospective, single-arm, observational study)	—	—	8	—	Low risk	—
Ha et al.80	Retrospective, two-arm, observational study	—	—	—	6	—	—
Han et al.73	Retrospective, two-arm, observational study	—	—	—	6	—	—
Hashemi et al.71	Prospective, single-arm, observational study	—	—	—	—	Serious risk	—
Jung et al.70	Prospective, single-arm, observational study	—	—	—	—	Moderate risk	—
Karkucak et al.81	Randomized controlled trial	—	Some concerns	—	—	—	—
Kastler et al.38	Prospective, single-arm, observational study	—	—	—	—	Moderate risk	—
Kim et al.39	Case report	Moderate risk	—	—	—	—	—
Lee et al.58	Cadaveric study	—	—	10	—	—	—
Massone et al.67	Retrospective, two-arm, observational study	—	—	—	7	—	—
Obernauer et al.46	Randomized controlled trial	—	Some concerns	—	—	—	—
Park et al.	Case report	Moderate risk	—	—	—	—	—
Park et al.	Retrospective, two-arm, observational study	—	—	—	5	—	—
Putzu and Marchesini76	Prospective, single-arm, observational study	—	—	—	—	Low risk	—
Rasoulian et al.82	Prospective, single-arm, observational study	—	—	—	—	Low risk	—
Rauch et al.68	Prospective, single-arm, observational study	—	—	—	—	Moderate risk	—
Sadeghian and Motiei-Langroudi78	Prospective, single-arm, observational study	—	—	—	—	Moderate risk	—
Santiago89	Case report	Moderate risk	—	—	—	—	—
Sartoris et al.65	Prospective, single-arm, observational study	—	—	—	—	Moderate risk	—
Shim et al.72	Prospective, single-arm, observational study	—	—	—	—	Serious risk	—
Siegenthaler et al.42	Anatomic study	—	—	—	—	—	High risk
Siegenthaler et al.51	Randomized controlled trial	—	Some concerns	—	—	—	—
Soni et al.69	Prospective, single-arm, observational study	—	—	—	—	Moderate risk	—
Stulc et al.55	Cadaveric study	—	—	9	—	—	—
Tay et al.74	Retrospective, single-arm, observational study	—	—	—	7	—	—
Touboul et al.77	Retrospective, two-arm, observational study	—	—	—	5	—	—
Wen et al.64	Randomized controlled trial	—	Some concerns	—	—	—	—
Ye et al.26	Mixed methods (anatomic study; randomized controlled trial)	—	Some concerns	—	—	—	High risk
Yun et al.66	Randomized controlled trial	—	Some concerns	—	—	—	—

AQUA = Anatomical Quality Assessment tool; CARE = CAse REport checklist; NOS = Newcastle–Ottawa Scale (maximum score 9); QUACS = QUality Appraisal for Cadaveric Studies scale (maximum score 13); RoB2 = Cochrane Risk of Bias version 2 tool; ROBINS-I = Risk of Bias in Non-Randomized Studies of Interventions tool.