Table 6.
The active ingredients and insect categories of PH with antifeeding and insecticidal effects.
| Active ingredients | Activities | Insect categories | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|
| total extracts | antifeedant effect and contact toxicity | Cone worm, oblique wing germanica, Prodenia litura and cabbage caterpillar | Xiao 2018; Tripathi et al. 1999 |
| water extract | killing effects | Pale culex mosquitoes | Cao 2006 |
| alcohol extract | contact toxicity | Tetranychus cinnabarinus | Cheng et al. 2014 |
| ether extract from 95% ethanol extract | contact toxicity | Pieris rapae Linne | Xiao 2018; Tripathi et al. 1999 |
| 95% ethanol extract | contact toxicity and antifeedant effect | Ectropis obliqua Prouy | Chen et al. 2007 |
| ethyl acetate portion | insect-resistant activity | Plasmodial, Trypanosoma brucei | Wang et al. 2018 |
| volatile oil constituents | killing effect | Plutella xylostella, aphidocolin | Li 2007 |
| Eugenol | antifeedant effect and contact toxicity | Ectropis obliqua hypulina Wehrli | Zeng 2007 |
| confertifolin (the essential oil compound from PHL) | killing effect | Mosqutioes, Anopheles stephensi and Culex quinquefasciatus | Maheswaran and Ignacimuthu 2013 |