Table 7.

Anti-inflammatory active ingredients, dosage, mode of administration, inflammatory categories, effects, modeling methods and anti-inflammatory mechanisms or pathways of PH.

Ingredients, dosage, and mode of administration	Inflammatory categories	Effects	Modeling methods	Mechanisms or pathways	Ref.
99% methanol extract (100 mg/kg) was administered orally for 7 consecutive days to mice, after modeling. Quercetin was found as one of the active ingredients.	acute colitis	inhibit	Mice were orally administered with 3% dextran sulphate sodium (w/v) in fresh tap water for seven days.	Inhibits the signal pathways of Src/Syk/NF-κB and IRAK/AP-1/CREB.	Yang et al. 2012
Water extract (125, 250, and 500 mg/kg) was administered orally for 7 consecutive days to rats, after modeling.	intestinal inflammation	inhibit	Anus administered rats for 10mg 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid dissolved in 0.25mL 50% ethanol (v/v) via a 2mm diameter Teflon cannula inserted 8cm into the anus.	500mg/kg water extract treatment significantly ameliorated the activity of MPO and improved the GSH content. There was a downregulation of the TNBS-induced increase in the activity of iNOS and levels of COX-2, TNF-α, and IL-1β while the protein expression of NF-κB was significantly unregulated.	Zhang et al. 2018
N-butanol portion (50, 100, 200 mg/kg) was administered orally for 3 consecutive days to mice before modeling.	sepsis	inhibit	Mice were injected intra-peritoneally with 17 mg/kg (body weight) of E. coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS).	N-butanol portions might contribute to its enhancement in antioxidant capacity, its inhibitory effects may be mediated by inhibiting the phosphorylation of JNK, ERK and c-JUN in MAPKs signaling pathways.	Tao et al. 2016
n-butanol portion (50, 100, 150 mg/kg) was administered orally for 5 consecutive days to mice before modeling.	ear swelling in mice	inhibit	Inflammation was induced by applying 0.05 mL of xylene to both sides of the left ear of mice.	N-butanol portions inhibited ear swelling in mice.	Guan et al. 2021
Acetic ether portion (FEA) (40 and 80 μg/mL).	RAW 264.7 cell inflammation model in vitro	relieve	Different doses of acetic ether portion were applied to RAW 264.7 inflammatory response induced by LPS in vitro. and porcine pseudorabies virus	The anti-inflammatory effects of FEA were associated with inhibition of iNOS and COX-2, inhibition of phosphorylation of MAPKs signaling pathway, and increase of expression of phosphorylated AMPK.	Liu et al. 2021
Acetic ether portion (FEA) (40 and 80 μg/mL).	RAW 264.7 cell inflammation model in vitro	relieve	Different doses of FEA were applied to RAW 264.7 inflammatory response induced by Pseudorabies virus in vitro.	Acetic ether portion decreased the secretion of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6 and MCP, increased the secretion of IFN-γ, and regulated the secretion of IL-10.	Ren et al. 2021
Acetic ether part of flavone (FEA) and n-butanol part of flavone (FNB) (20, 40 and 80 μg/mL).	RAW 264.7 cell inflammation model in vitro	inhibit	In vitro model of inflammation induced by LPS stimulation in RAW 264.7 cells.	FEA and FNB could decrease the release of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-8 induced by LPS. The anti-inflammatory effect may be related to the anti-oxidative pathway.	Luo, Tao et al. 2017
Acetic ether part of flavone (FEA) (50, 100, 200 mg/kg) were administered orally for 3 consecutive days to mice before modeling.	Endotoxemia	relieve	Mice were injected intra-peritoneally with 17 mg/kg 0.2mL.	The levels of MDA, MPO in intestinal tissue and ACP in serum were decreased in all FEA dosage groups, while the levels of T-AOC, T-SOD, GSH-Px in liver tissue and GSH, LZM in serum were increased in middle and high FEA dosage groups. The levels of TNF-α in serum, intestinal tissue and liver tissue were significantly decreased in all FEA dosage groups, and the mRNA expressions of TNF-α, IFN-γ and IL-2 in lung were significantly decreased in all FEA dosage groups.	Gu, Tao, Wu, et al. 2018
n-butanol part of flavone (FNB) (50, 100, 200 mg/kg) were administered orally for 3 consecutive days to mice before modeling.	Endotoxemia	relieve	Mice were injected intra-peritoneally with 17 mg/kg 0.2mL.	FNB can reduce the release of pro-inflammatory factors TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-8 induced by LPS stimulation, and reduce the expression level of TNF-α, IFN-α, IFN-γ and IL-2mRNA in lung by enhancing the activity of antioxidant defense enzyme system in mouse liver.	Gu, Tao, Yang, et al. 2018