Table 8.

Active components with immunomodulatory effects, dosage, mode of administration, modeling methods, the impact on the immune system and the mechanisms of action.

Active components, dosage, and mode of administration	Modeling methods	Impacts	Mechanisms	Ref.
water extract (5 and 10 g/kg) were orally administered to mice twice daily for 2 consecutive days prior to modeling.	Mice were intraperitoneally injected with E. coli suspension 10 mg/kg once on the first day, the third day and the seventh day respectively.	Protective effect against E. coli-induced diarrhea.	Under the condition of E. coli infection, the expression of CYPs mRNA and protein in the duodenum and liver of mice is generally reduced, and PH has obvious regulation effect on CYPs.	Yue 2020
70% ethanol extract (0.05, 0.1, 0.3, 0.6, 0.9, 1.8mg/L).	HepG 2.2.15 cells secrete hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and hepatitis B E antigen (HBeAg).	Has certain cellular immunity function and anti-hepatitis B virus function in vitro, and has a dose-effect relationship.	The 70% ethanol extract of PH could inhibit the secretion of HBsAg and HBeAg by HepG cells in a dose-dependent manner.	Li et al. 2014
n-butanol part of flavone (FNB) (25, 50, 100, 150 mg/kg) were administered orally for 7 consecutive days to mice while modeling.	The immunosuppression model was established by interaperitonel injection of 30 mg/kg cyclophosphamide (CTX) for 7 days.	Enhances immunologic function in mice and counteracts CTX-induced immunosuppression in mice.	FNB can alleviate the impacts of immunosuppression by adjusting the level of NO and activities of MPO and NOS.	Xie et al. 2021
Polysaccharides (100, 200 and 400 mg/mL) were administered orally for 10 consecutive days to mice while modeling.	CTX (50 mg/kg) was injected intraperitoneally on the 3rd, 5th, 7th and 9th day.	Has certain immunoregulatory activity.	Polysaccharides promotes macrophage proliferation and phagocytosis in vitro, and protected mice from immunosuppression induced by cyclophosphamide in vivo.	Zhu 2020