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. 2023 May 8;120(20):e2220725120. doi: 10.1073/pnas.2220725120

Fig. 1.

Fig. 1.

Generation of zero-valent sulfur (ZVS) from DSR. (A) Dissimilatory sulfate reduction (DSR) and ZVS generation in Desulfovibrio vulgaris Hildenborough (DvH). (B) Observed yellowish color in DvH cultures without amendment of Fe(II/III). DvH without Fe(II/III), DvH in the LS4D medium without the amendment of Fe(II/III); Abiotic control, LS4D medium with sulfate- and sulfide-amendment but without DvH inoculation; Biotic control, DvH in the LS4D medium. (C) The total/extracellular ZVS generation of DvH and DLT (Desulforamulus rumins DL) in cultures amended with two different molar ratios of lactate (C) to sulfate (S), i.e., C/S ratios of 1:1 and 2:1. (D) The temporal patterns of ZVS compositional profiles in DvH. Data are presented as mean value of triplicate cultures. (E) Representative Raman spectrum of elemental sulfur in DvH, containing prominent peaks of the elemental sulfur (S8) at 151.6, 220.8, and 473.6 cm−1; a.u., arbitrary units. (F) DSR-derived ZVS and sulfide, as well as the ratio of ZVS to reduced sulfur (i.e., ZVS and sulfide), in DvH cultures with varied pH, temperature (Temp.), C/S ratio, and salinity (%, w/v). Error bars represent SDs of triplicate cultures.