Table 1.
Characteristics of the 78 HML8 elements identified in the human genome (hg38).
| Locus | Strand | Coordinates | Age (My) | O.C.A. | Subtype | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1p13.3 | + | chr1:109702615-109709644 | 21.1 (20-17) | Orangutan | MER11A | Vargiu et. al |
| 1p21.1 | + | chr1:106159133-106162062 | 30-20 | Gibbon | MER11C | Vargiu et. al |
| 1p33 | + | chr1:46900689-46908067 | 21.7 (20-17) | Orangutan | MER11A | This study |
| 1p35.1 | + | chr1:33065126-33068378 | 48.0 (20-17) | Orangutan | - | Vargiu et. al |
| 1q23.3 | - | chr1:160686556-160703551 | 28.9 (30-20) | Gibbon | MER11C | Vargiu et. al |
| 1q25.3 | + | chr1:181245995-181255232 | 28.5 (30-20) | Gibbon | MER11A | Vargiu et. al |
| 2p14 | + | chr2:63988445-63997145 | 35.8 (43-30) | Rhesus | MER11C | This study |
| 2q11.2P | - | chr2:100361988-100365940 | 42.7 (30-20) | Gibbon | MER11B | Vargiu et. al |
| 2q14.2 | - | chr2:119373755-119376781 | 38 (43-30) | Rhesus | MER11A | Vargiu et. al |
| 2q34a | - | chr2:210424462-210428103 | 30.3 (30-20) | Gibbon | MER11C | This study |
| 2q34b | + | chr2:213446552-213449649 | 53.7 (43-30) | Rhesus | MER11A | This study |
| 3p12.3 | + | chr3:79051663-79060597 | 40 (43-30) | Rhesus | MER11C | Vargiu et. al |
| 3q13.13 | + | chr3:111524145-111530464 | 35.5 (43-30) | Rhesus | MER11A | Vargiu et. al |
| 3q22.1 | - | chr3:130443999-130453404 | 26.5 (30-20) | Gibbon | MER11C | Vargiu et. al |
| 4p16.3 | - | chr4:4042123-4049160 | 17.2 (20-17) | Orangutan | MER11C | This study |
| 4q13.1 | - | chr4:64142025-64148090 | 42.3 (43-30) | Rhesus | MER11A | This study |
| 4q13.2 | + | chr4:69191808-69199233 | 46.9 (30-20) | Gibbon | MER11A | Vargiu et. al |
| 4q13.3 | - | chr4:73949403-73954209 | 48.7 (30-20) | Gibbon | MER11B | This study |
| 4q21.21 | - | chr4:79824404-79827356 | 24.3 (30-20) | Gibbon | MER11C | Vargiu et. al |
| 4q31.1 | + | chr4:139632366-139639045 | 30-20 | Gibbon | MER11A | Vargiu et. al |
| 4q32.3 | + | chr4:164748875-164753249 | 42.2 (43-30) | Rhesus | MER11A | Vargiu et. al |
| 5p13.1 | + | chr5:40102909-40112787 | 24.7 (30-20) | Gibbon | MER11C | Vargiu et. al |
| 5q14.1 | + | chr5:81899808-81901603 | 30-20 | Gibbon | MER11C | This study |
| 5q35.1 | + | chr5:172396993-172402677 | 26.4 (30-20) | Gibbon | MER11B | Vargiu et. al |
| 6p11.2P | + | chr6:58399942-58403965 | 9-7 | Chimp | - | Vargiu et. al |
| 6q11.1C | + | chr6:61274495-61278513 | 20-17 | Orangutan | - | Vargiu et. al |
| 6q14.1 | - | chr6:76487320-76496698 | 42 (43-30) | Rhesus | MER11B | Vargiu et. al |
| 6q25.3 | - | chr6:158296613-158303611 | 39.3 (30-20) | Gibbon | MER11A | Vargiu et. al |
| 7p12.1 | + | chr7:50569934-50583960 | 30-20 | Gibbon | MER11C | Vargiu et. al |
| 8p11.1C | + | chr8:43892563-43899366 | 42.6 (17-9) | Gorilla | MER11C | Vargiu et. al |
| 8p23.1a | - | chr8:7152780-7159818 | 20-17 | Orangutan | MER11C | Vargiu et. al |
| 8p23.1b | + | chr8:8127655-8134678 | 20-17 | Orangutan | MER11C | Vargiu et. al |
| 8p23.1c | - | chr8:12531005-12538032 | 20-17 | Orangutan | MER11C | This study |
| 8q11.1C | + | chr8:46580301-46590040 | 20-17 | Orangutan | MER11C | Vargiu et. al |
| 8q21.3 | - | chr8:88670474-88676583 | 30-20 | Gibbon | MER11C | This study |
| 9p21.1 | + | chr9:31770537-31778849 | 34.7 (43-30) | Rhesus | MER11A | Vargiu et. al |
| 9q32 | - | chr9:112391953-112400106 | 37.6 (30-20) | Gibbon | MER11A | Vargiu et. al |
| 10p11.1C | + | chr10:39042475-39051569 | 17-9 | Gorilla | MER11A | Vargiu et. al |
| 10q21.3 | - | chr10:65105943-65112846 | 30-20 | Gibbon | MER11B | This study |
| 10q23.1 | - | chr10:81429499-81431222 | 30-20 | Gibbon | MER11C | This study |
| 10q24.32 | - | chr10:102838109-102845149 | 34.2 (43-30) | Rhesus | MER11A | Vargiu et. al |
| 11p11.12aP | + | chr11:50438109-50447947 | 9-7 | Chimp | MER11B | Vargiu et. al |
| 11p11.12bP | - | chr11:50629499-50637560 | 39.1 (17-9) | Gorilla | MER11C | Vargiu et. al |
| 11p11.12cP | - | chr11:50487842-50495622 | 17-9 | Gorilla | MER11B | Vargiu et. al |
| 11p15.2 | - | chr11:15062966-15070542 | 31.1 (43-30) | Rhesus | MER11B | Vargiu et. al |
| 11q11C | + | chr11:54758703-54766192 | 42.8 (9-7) | Chimp | MER11B | Vargiu et. al |
| 11q13.2 | + | chr11:67698550-67705411 | 40 (43-30) | Rhesus | MER11A | Vargiu et. al |
| 11q22.1 | - | chr11:101211205-101221382 | 31.3 (43-30) | Rhesus | MER11A | Vargiu et. al |
| 12p11.1C | + | chr12:34522067-34530751 | 37.7 (9-7) | Chimp | MER11C | Vargiu et. al |
| 12q15 | - | chr12:69380691-69382268 | 30-20 | Gibbon | MER11C | Vargiu et. al |
| 12q21.31 | - | chr12:84102187-84109415 | 28.5 (30-20) | Gibbon | MER11C | This study |
| 12q23.3 | + | chr12:105299228-105314444 | 44.5 (43-30) | Rhesus | MER11B | Vargiu et. al |
| 13q22.3 | - | chr13:78056549-78058995 | 47.9 (20-17) | Orangutan | MER11A | This study |
| 14q32.11 | + | chr14:90951493-90954217 | 48.7 (43-30) | Rhesus | MER11A | This study |
| 15q15.1 | - | chr15:40686062-40690093 | 30-20 | Gibbon | MER11C | This study |
| 16q21 | - | chr16:59621926-59625900 | 39.6 (30-20) | Gibbon | MER11C | This study |
| 17q11.2P | - | chr17:27686099-27696448 | 28.2 (20-17) | Orangutan | MER11C | Vargiu et. al |
| 18q21.1 | - | chr18:50220146-50223833 | 54.5 (43-30) | Rhesus | MER11A | This study |
| 19p11aC | + | chr19:24242724-24251824 | 20-17 | Orangutan ° | MER11B | Vargiu et. al |
| 19p11bC | + | chr19:24270246-24273528 | 20-17 | Orangutan * | MER11B | Vargiu et. al |
| 19p11cC | + | chr19:24320890-24325976 | 20-17 | Orangutan ° | - | Vargiu et. al |
| 19p12aP | - | chr19:20500234-20509675 | 30.3 (30-20) | Gibbon | MER11A | Vargiu et. al |
| 19p12bP | - | chr19:23847319-23857439 | 31.7 (43-30) | Rhesus | MER11A | Vargiu et. al |
| 19q11aC | + | chr19:27578693-27582287 | 17-9 | Gorilla | MER11C | Vargiu et. al |
| 19q11bC | - | chr19:27703454-27713310 | 35.1 (20-17) | Orangutan ° | MER11C | This study |
| 22q11.21P | + | chr22:19934438-19940686 | 40.4 (43-30) | Rhesus | MER11A | Vargiu et. al |
| Xp11.21P | + | chrX:56942413-56948730 | 20-17 | Orangutan | - | Vargiu et. al |
| Xp11.3 | - | chrX:46486519-46490277 | 9-7 | Chimp | MER11C | This study |
| Xp11.4a | + | chrX:41644222-41648694 | 30.2 (20-17) | Orangutan | MER11C | Vargiu et. al |
| Xp11.4b | - | chrX:42161343-42164806 | 38.7 (30-20) | Gibbon | MER11B | This study |
| Xp21.1 | + | chrX:34796024-34803445 | 21.6 (30-20) | Gibbon | MER11B | Vargiu et. al |
| Yp11.2P | - | chrY:7991874-7998823 | 48.2 (9-7) | Chimp | MER11C | Vargiu et. al |
| Yq11.221 | - | chrY:14374864-14381444 | 9-7 | Chimp | MER11A | Vargiu et. al |
| Yq11.222a | + | chrY:17684505-17688179 | 9-7 | Chimp | MER11B | Vargiu et. al |
| Yq11.222b | - | chrY:18217835-18221509 | 9-7 | Chimp | MER11B | Vargiu et. al |
| Yq11.223 | - | chrY:22829524-22834840 | 30-20 | Gibbon | MER11C | Vargiu et. al |
| Yq11.23a | - | chrY:24463282-24468583 | 30-20 | Gibbon | MER11C | This study |
| Yq11.23b | + | chrY:25201520-25206820 | 43-30 | Rhesus | MER11C | This study |
My = million years, O.C.A. = Oldest Common Ancestor
C
= centromeric
P
= peri-centromeric, °= lacking the orthologous in Gorilla, *=converted to solitary LTRs in Chimp. In the “Locus” column, clusters of sequences being the result of segmental duplication (e.g. 8p23.1) are included in a unique cell. In the “Age” column, calculated time of integration (in million years, my) is provided as the average of the estimates resulted from the different approaches (see materials and methods), excluding the values with a standard deviation >20%. In the absence of a reliable estimation or for the above clusters of duplicated sequences, only the age range based on comparative genomics in non-human primates is indicated. The latter has been added within brackets also for those HML8 elements with an estimated age. In the “Subtype” column, sequences lacking both LTRs could not be classified and were hence reported as “- “.