. 2023 Feb 22;6(2):103–110. doi: 10.36401/JIPO-22-24

Table 2.

COVID-19 outcomes in patients with cancer receiving ICIs compared to those not receiving ICI Therapy

Outcomes	Anticipated Absolute Effects		Relative Effect, OR (95% CI)	No. of Studies	Certainty of the Evidence (GRADE)	Comments
Outcomes	Risk With No ICI	Risk With ICI (95% CI)	Relative Effect, OR (95% CI)	No. of Studies	Certainty of the Evidence (GRADE)	Comments
Mortality	100 per 1000	95 per 1000 (60–151)	0.95 (0.57–1.60)^a	5	Very low^b,d	There is uncertainty based on the quality of evidence if the risk of COVID-19 mortality is higher in patients with cancer exposed to ICI compared with those not exposed to ICI.
Hospital admission	300 per 1000	464 per 1000 (291–647)	2.02 (0.96– 4.27)^a	2	Very low^d	There is uncertainty based on the quality of evidence if the risk of COVID-19 hospital admission is higher in patients with cancer exposed to ICI compared with those not exposed to ICI.
Severe COVID-19	120 per 1000	125 per 1000 (58–251)	1.05 (0.45–2.46)^a	3	Very low^c,d	There is uncertainty based on the quality of evidence if the risk of severe COVID-19 is higher in patients with cancer exposed to ICI compared with those not exposed to ICI.

Adjusted OR.

There is high risk of bias assessed with the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale specifically in the selection and outcome domains.

There is heterogeneity not explained due to chance.

The true effect can benefit either the experimental or the control group.

CI: confidence interval; GRADE: Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluations; ICI: immune checkpoint inhibitor; OR: odds ratio.