Table 1.

Advantages and disadvantages of different synthesis methods.

	Advantages	Disadvantages
Physical methods	Simple methodology [44]	The lower yield of NPs
		Higher energy-consuming
		Higher input cost [45]
Chemical methods	Homogenous NPs with high accuracy	The usage of toxic chemicals [46, 47]
	The consumption of less energy [48]
Biological methods	Do not involve toxic chemicals in the preparation protocols	Highly demanding
		Time-consuming
		Requiring technology and practical microbiological experience to ensure cell culture and nanoparticle purification under aseptic conditions [49, 50]