Table 1.

SCD Major complications and manifestations

Main comorbidities of SCD	Pathological manifestations
Acute pain and chronic pain syndrome	Opioid addiction, negative interference with patients’ daily function, depression and anxiety
Functional asplenia	Overwhelming infection
Splenic sequestration	Sudden pallor, anemia, abdominal pain and fatigue
Acute chest syndrome (ACS)	Fever, pain and tightness in chest, fast breathing, cough and shortness of breath
Right upper quadrant syndrome	Acute right upper quadrant pain, nausea, fever, tender hepatomegaly and jaundice
Cerebrovascular disease and stroke	Severe cerebral damage, weakness and paralysis
Neurocognitive deficits	Lower intelligence, visuo-motor impairments, executive dysfunction and memory dysfunction
Retinopathy	Vision loss and blindness
Priapism	Irreversible erectile dysfunction, Peyronie’s disease and mental morbidity
Chronic lung disease	Cyanosis, palpitations, dyspnea, edema, syncope, fatigue, chest pressure and pain
Chronic kidney disease	Anemia, hematuria, impaired urinary concentration, albuminuria, glomerular damage and end-stage renal disease
Pulmonary hypertension	Right-sided heart failure, chest pain and dyspnea
Skin ulcers	Chronic wounds, thrombosis, gangrene and amputation
Osteonecrosis	Fractures, Limited range of motion, limping and severe arthritis