Table 1.
Subject characteristics according to the grouping
| Control | Pre-diabetes | T2DM | χ2/F | P* | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | % | n | % | n | % | |||
| Total† | 32 491 | 83·8 | 2634 | 6·8 | 3654 | 9·4 | ||
| Gender | 8·356 | 0·015 | ||||||
| Men | 12 869 | 39·6 | 1102 | 41·8 | 1397 | 38·2 | ||
| Women | 19 622 | 60·4 | 1532 | 58·2 | 2257 | 61·8 | ||
| Age (years) | 446·726 | <0·001 | ||||||
| Mean | 54·78 | 58·66 | 60·39 | |||||
| sd | 12·45 | 10·53 | 9·24 | |||||
| Education level | 303·020 | <0·001 | ||||||
| Illiteracy | 5067 | 15·6 | 530 | 20·1 | 857 | 23·5 | ||
| Primary school | 8964 | 27·6 | 770 | 29·2 | 1163 | 31·8 | ||
| Middle school | 13 297 | 40·9 | 944 | 35·8 | 1205 | 33·0 | ||
| High school | 4112 | 12·7 | 354 | 13·4 | 373 | 10·2 | ||
| College and above | 1051 | 3·2 | 36 | 1·4 | 56 | 1·5 | ||
| Marry | 89·879 | <0·001 | ||||||
| Married | 29 245 | 90·0 | 2322 | 88·2 | 3236 | 88·8 | ||
| Widowed | 2501 | 7·7 | 282 | 10·7 | 378 | 10·3 | ||
| Divorced | 185 | 0·6 | 8 | 0·3 | 16 | 0·4 | ||
| Single | 560 | 1·7 | 22 | 0·8 | 24 | 0·7 | ||
| Region | 669·134 | <0·001 | ||||||
| Yuzhou | 7476 | 23·0 | 646 | 24·5 | 1056 | 28·9 | ||
| Zhumadian | 14 119 | 43·5 | 696 | 24·5 | 1028 | 28·1 | ||
| Kaifeng | 2017 | 6·2 | 72 | 6·5 | 285 | 7·8 | ||
| Xinxiang | 8095 | 24·9 | 1066 | 40·5 | 1186 | 32·5 | ||
| Yima | 784 | 2·4 | 54 | 2·1 | 99 | 2·7 | ||
| Income | 46·827 | <0·001 | ||||||
| ≤500 RMB | 11 366 | 35·0 | 1007 | 38·2 | 1437 | 39·3 | ||
| ∼1000 RMB | 10 739 | 33·1 | 859 | 32·6 | 1177 | 32·2 | ||
| ∼2000 RMB | 7893 | 24·3 | 600 | 22·8 | 815 | 22·3 | ||
| ∼3000 RMB | 1632 | 5·0 | 108 | 4·1 | 157 | 4·3 | ||
| ≥3000 RMB | 861 | 2·6 | 60 | 2·3 | 68 | 1·9 | ||
| Smoking | 93·120 | <0·001 | ||||||
| Never | 23 558 | 72·5 | 1879 | 71·3 | 2751 | 75·3 | ||
| Ever | 2491 | 7·7 | 277 | 10·5 | 365 | 10·0 | ||
| Current | 6442 | 19·8 | 478 | 18·1 | 538 | 14·7 | ||
| Drinking | 56·875 | <0·001 | ||||||
| Never | 25 098 | 77·2 | 1969 | 74·8 | 2882 | 78·9 | ||
| Ever | 1429 | 4·4 | 137 | 5·2 | 228 | 6·2 | ||
| Current | 5964 | 18·4 | 528 | 20·0 | 544 | 14·9 | ||
| Physical activity | 131·488 | <0·001 | ||||||
| Low | 10 134 | 31·2 | 970 | 36·8 | 1435 | 39·3 | ||
| Moderate | 12 425 | 38·2 | 901 | 34·2 | 1295 | 35·4 | ||
| High | 9932 | 30·6 | 763 | 29·0 | 924 | 25·3 | ||
| Family history of diabetes | 350·549 | <0·001 | ||||||
| No | 31 362 | 96·5 | 2512 | 95·4 | 3289 | 90·0 | ||
| Yes | 1129 | 3·5 | 122 | 4·6 | 365 | 10·0 | ||
T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus; RMB, Ren Min Bi.
*
Continuous data are presented as mean and sd using one-way ANOVA assessed the P value.
†
Categorical data are presented as numbers and percentages, and using χ2 test.