Table 2.
Energy and nutrient intake at breakfast and total daily intake according to BQI categories for adults and older adults from ISA-Nutrition (2015)
| Categories of BQI | |||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total population (n 1143) | Low: 0–3 (n 183) | Medium: 4–6 (n 772) | High: 7–10 (n 188) | ||||||||||||||
| Mean (sd) | Median (IQR) | Mean (sd) | Median (IQR) | Mean (sd) | Median (IQR) | Mean (sd) | Median (IQR) | P * | |||||||||
| Breakfast dietary intake | |||||||||||||||||
| Total breakfast energy (kcal/d) | 364·0 | 142·8 | 347·6 | 279·7, 431·0 | 313·2 | 179·0 | 282·9 a | 145·4, 438·5 | 370·1 | 135·8 | 351·5 b | 290·0, 422·7 | 390·1 | 115·9 | 369·9 c | 308·1, 446·4 | <0·001 |
| Total grams of foods and beverages (g/day) | 343·2 | 107·2 | 332 | 282·7, 382·9 | 320·5 | 149·1 | 300·9 a | 244·6, 366·9 | 336·6 | 93·7 | 325·1 b | 282·7, 377·0 | 393·0 | 93·4 | 373·3 c | 334·5, 440·2 | <0·001 |
| Total energy density (kcal/g) | 1·07 | 0·31 | 1·1 | 0·9, 1·3 | 1·00 | 0·47 | 0·94 | 0·6, 1·3 | 1·11 | 0·29 | 1·08 | 0·9, 1·3 | 0·99 | 0·19 | 1 | 0·9, 1·1 | 0·841 |
| Protein (%kcal) | 12·6 | 3·1 | 12·4 | 10·5, 14·4 | 11·3 | 3·7 | 11·1 a | 9·3, 12·9 | 12·6 | 2·8 | 12·3 b | 10·6, 14·3 | 13·9 | 2·7 | 13·8 c | 12·3, 15·5 | <0·001 |
| Carbohydrate (%kcal) | 52·4 | 9·3 | 52·9 | 47·2, 57·9 | 53·4 | 13·9 | 55·4 a | 48·2, 62·0 | 52·1 | 8·4 | 52·3 b | 47·0, 57·1 | 52·8 | 6·7 | 53·1 b | 48·0, 57·6 | 0·046 |
| Total fat (%kcal) | 33·4 | 9·0 | 33·7 | 27·7, 39·4 | 30·9 | 10·6 | 30·4 | 24·1, 38·5 | 34·3 | 8·9 | 34·4 | 29·2, 40·6 | 32·2 | 7·2 | 32·6 | 27·2, 37·1 | 0·337 |
| Total SFA (%kcal) | 12·0 | 4·2 | 12·1 | 9·3, 14·4 | 10·3 | 5·3 | 9·9 a | 6·1, 13·7 | 12·3 | 4·0 | 12·2 b | 9·9, 14·6 | 12·5 | 2·9 | 12·7 b | 10·7, 14·4 | <0·001 |
| Added sugar (%kcal) | 13·5 | 8·2 | 11·9 | 7·6, 17·1 | 21·5 | 11·0 | 19·2 a | 12·6, 27·5 | 12·6 | 6·7 | 11·7 b | 8·2, 16·9 | 9·3 | 4·5 | 8·4 c | 6·1, 12·0 | <0·001 |
| Total fibre (g/100 kcal) | 0·56 | 0·23 | 0·52 | 0·43, 0·63 | 0·44 | 0·17 | 0·45 a | 0·34, 0·53 | 0·54 | 0·22 | 0·51 | 0·43, 0·53 | 0·74 | 0·25 | 0·71 c | 0·55, 0·88 | <0·001 |
| Sodium (mg/100 kcal) | 126·8 | 29·9 | 129·8 | 108·8, 145·3 | 128·1 | 32·9 | 132·8 a | 107·8, 147·2 | 128·8 | 29·1 | 131·8 a | 112·0, 146·2 | 117·7 | 28·5 | 118·8 b | 99·8, 133·6 | 0·002 |
| Calcium (mg/100 kcal) | 57·0 | 26·3 | 53·1 | 37·4, 74·6 | 39·8 | 22·1 | 37 a | 23·1, 45·4 | 57·6 | 26·2 | 54 b | 38·5, 73·8 | 72·1 | 20·4 | 71·2 c | 55·0, 87·4 | <0·001 |
| Total dietary intake | |||||||||||||||||
| Total energy (kcal/d) | 1843 | 633 | 1736 | 1396, 2164 | 1842 | 607 | 1751 | 1395, 2233 | 1859 | 663 | 1751 | 1385, 2183 | 1778 | 526 | 1680 | 1444, 2025 | 0·374 |
| Total grams of foods and beverages (g/day) | 2731 | 803 | 2632 | 2174, 3160 | 2779 | 768 | 2719 | 2247, 3164 | 2721 | 808 | 2657 | 2162, 3167 | 2724 | 821 | 2530 | 2177, 3138 | 0·223 |
| Total energy density (kcal/g) | 0·69 | 0·19 | 0·67 | 0·56, 0·82 | 0·68 | 0·19 | 0·67 | 0·55, 0·80 | 0·70 | 0·19 | 0·69 | 0·56, 0·83 | 0·68 | 0·18 | 0·7 | 0·55, 0·78 | 0·673 |
| Protein (%kcal) | 17·4 | 3·7 | 17·2 | 14·9, 19·5 | 17·0 | 3·9 | 16·8 | 14·4, 19·3 | 17·4 | 3·7 | 17·3 | 14·9, 19·5 | 17·7 | 3·5 | 17·5 | 15·3, 19·8 | 0·056 |
| Carbohydrate (%kcal) | 47·9 | 6·7 | 48·3 | 44·0, 52·3 | 48·9 | 7·6 | 48·8 a | 44·6, 54·2 | 47·8 | 6·7 | 48·4 | 44·0, 52·1 | 47·3 | 5·6 | 47·2 b | 43·0, 51·6 | 0·024 |
| Total fat (%kcal) | 32·4 | 5·3 | 32·4 | 29·2, 35·9 | 31·6 | 5·9 | 31·2 | 28·3, 34·9 | 32·6 | 5·2 | 32·5 | 29·5, 35·8 | 32·8 | 5·2 | 32·4 | 29·5, 36·6 | 0·158 |
| SFA (%kcal) | 10·6 | 2·4 | 10·5 | 9·0, 12·2 | 10·2 | 2·9 | 10·2 a | 8·3, 11·9 | 10·6 | 2·4 | 10·5 b | 9·1, 12·2 | 10·9 | 2·3 | 10·6 b | 9·3, 12·3 | 0·038 |
| Added sugar (%kcal) | 10·4 | 5·6 | 9·8 | 6·2, 13·8 | 12·6 | 6·5 | 11·9 a | 8·1, 15·3 | 10·3 | 5·5 | 9·6 b | 6·1, 13·7 | 8·6 | 4·5 | 8·2 c | 4·7, 11·5 | <0·001 |
| Total fibre (g/1000 kcal) | 9·7 | 2·8 | 9·5 | 7·7, 11·3 | 9·4 | 3·0 | 9·1 a | 7·5, 11·2 | 9·4 | 2·6 | 9·4 a | 7·6, 11·1 | 11 | 3·0 | 10·5 b | 8·7, 12·8 | <0·001 |
| Sodium (mg/1000 kcal) | 1651 | 335 | 1662 | 1431, 1889 | 1725 | 313 | 1735 a | 1520, 1966 | 1650 | 339 | 1657 a | 1431, 1893 | 1579 | 327 | 1596 b | 1348, 1775 | <0·001 |
| Calcium (mg/1000 kcal) | 335·2 | 125·5 | 321·3 | 237·6, 409·4 | 278·2 | 119·4 | 241·2 a | 191·0, 346·6 | 334·2 | 122·8 | 318 b | 243·0, 400·0 | 396·9 | 114·0 | 384 c | 316·3, 472·1 | <0·001 |
| BHEI-R | 65·5 | 7·8 | 66·3 | 60·7, 70·9 | 61·8 | 7·9 | 63·2 a | 57·6, 67·3 | 65·5 | 7·4 | 66·1 b | 60·9, 70·6 | 69·6 | 7·5 | 70·6 c | 65·8, 74·3 | <0·001 |
BQI, Brazilian Breakfast Quality Index; BHEI-R, Brazilian Healthy Eating Index–Revised.
*
Differences across BQI categories (P-value) were evaluated using Theil–Sen test. Post hoc Dunn’s test was applied for comparing medians across categories of BQI. Medians in the same row with different superscript letters(a–c) are significantly different (P < 0·01).