Table 1.

Eligibility criteria for studies including in scoping review examining effect of nutrition and physical activity interventions in the general population

	Inclusion criteria	Exclusion criteria
Peer-review status	Peer-reviewed and published in a juried publication in a peer-reviewed section within the publication	Non-peer-reviewed articles, such as government reports, grey literature
Population	• Humans • Adults (≥18 years old) • Non- or recreational athletes (<10 h training/week)	• Animal studies • <18 years old • Elite athletes (>10 h training/week)  • Highly trained  • Well-trained  • Wrestling, soccer or other team sports
Setting	Out-patient, community	In-patient
Health status	• No diagnosed cardiometabolic diseases or mental health disorder • At risk for or diagnosed with non-acute cardiometabolic disease • Non-severe anxiety or depression • Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease • Osteoarthritis • Sarcopenia	Persons with medical conditions that limit their generalisability to the general population, such as • Acute, terminal or critical illnesses • Dialysed or post-organ transplant • Post-surgical patients • Chronic diseases such as COPD or HIV/AIDS • Spinal cord injury • Cancer or studies targeting cancer survivors • Heart failure, stroke • Pregnancy, lactation, postpartum • Morbidly obese (BMI >/= 40) or who have PCOS; bariatric surgery • Active military • IBD • Severe and persistent mental illness • Institutionalised (nursing home, hospitalised, prison)
Interventions/exposures	• Q1: Nutrition AND exercise counseling or coaching • Q1: Must include some individual-level counseling or coaching • Q1: Counseling or coaching must be provided by at least one of the following: Dietitian, Diet Tech, Nutritionist (if in country where this is dietitian-equivalent), Health Coach, Personal Trainer, Exercise Practitioner Otherwise Specified • Q1: Nutrition counseling topics could include  ○ Increased consumption of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, fat-free or low-fat dairy, and lean proteins  ○ Limited consumption of Na, saturated fat, trans-fat, and sugar-sweetened food and beverages  ○ Balanced diet plans such as Mediterranean, DASH, MyPlate • Q1: Physical activity coaching could include  ○ Aerobic activities that involve repeated use of large muscles, such as walking, cycling and swimming  ○ Resistance training designed to improve physical strength  ○ Reduction of sedentary behaviours  ○ Optional or access to guided physical activity or exercise classes allowed • Q2: Wearable technology and/or mobile application (app) to assess and intervene in nutrition AND physical activity • Q3: Nutritional ergogenic aids including carbohydrate replacement, caffeine, branch-chained amino acids, creatine, collagen, multivitamins, n-3 fatty acids and exogenous ketones	• Q1: Counseling or coaching for nutrition OR physical activity only • Q1: Group level counseling or coaching only • Q1: Counseling or coaching provided by: Physician, Nurse, Psychologist, Community Health Worker, Paraprofessional/Peer, any other provider not specified for included • Q1: Nutrition counseling topics could not include special/controlled diets (e.g., low-carbohydrate diet) • Q1: PA interventions excluded  ○ Physical activity counseling solely focused on balance, flexibility or gait  ○ Stress management interventions (e.g., meditation or yoga or tai chi-based interventions that have minimal aerobic or strength-building activities)  ○ Counseling interventions aimed at fall prevention, cognitive functioning • Q1 and Q2: Interventions or exposures that do not consider the combination of nutrition AND physical activity • Q3: Dietary supplements other than those indicated. BCAA metabolites
Comparators	Must have a comparison group that is a true control not receiving the intervention. Includes usual care, minimal intervention, attention control no intervention Q3: Placebo controlled	No comparison group. Comparison group is an alternative intervention, with no true control Q1: Comparison group includes counseling or coaching for nutrition only or physical activity only. Comparison group receives only group counseling for nutrition and physical activity Q3: Not placebo controlled
Study design preferences	Systematic reviews and evidence-based practice guidelines Controlled clinical trials (RCT, non-RCT) Q3: RCT only	Narrative reviews, commentary/letters to the editor, case studies Observational studies, including cross-sectional studies, cohort studies Q3: Non-RCT
Minimum study duration	No limits	No limits
Size of study groups	≥10 participants/group	<10 participants/group
Study drop-out rate	No limits	No limits
Outcomes	Q1–Q2: Diet and physical activity (behaviour), intermediate and health outcomes Q3: Physical activity, anthropometric and body composition Intermediate outcomes: Dietary intake, physical activity, body composition (FM, FFM, BMD), anthropometrics, glucose homoeostasis measures/pre-diabetes, BP, lipid profile, intermediate CVD measures (e.g., intima media thickening), CRP Intermediate outcomes must be measured before and after the trial Health outcomes: mortality, quality of life, CVD/events, type 2 diabetes, metabolic syndrome, malnutrition (overweight/obesity/underweight), anxiety disorders, depression, osteoarthritis, osteoporosis/osteopenia, joint pain	Outcomes other than those specified. Studies examining kinetics only Q3: Outcomes other than physical activity, body composition or anthropometrics
Year range	Primary studies: 2005–4 May 2020 Systematic reviews/meta-analyses: 2015 – May 4, 2020	Primary studies: Prior to 2005 Systematic reviews: Prior to 2015
Language	Published in English language	Not published in English language
Location	Countries with developed economies	Countries that are not economically developed(12)

BCAA, branched chain amino acid; BMD, bone mineral density; BP, blood pressure; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CRP, C-reactive protein; FFM, fat-free mass; FM, fat mass; IBD, irritable bowel disease; PCOS, polycystic ovarian syndrome; Q1, Question 1; Q2, Question 2; Q3, Question 3; RCT, randomised controlled trial.