Geographical distribution and socioeconomic disparities in VAD Vision Loss Burden. (a) Age-standardised prevalence rate maps. , 240-280; , 200-240; , 160-200; , 120-160; , 80-120; , 40-80; , 0-40; , No data; (b) age-standardised YLD rate maps. , 14-17; , 10-14; , 8-10; , 6-8; , 4-6; , 2-4; , 0-2; , No data; (c) association between age-standardised YLD rate and HDI in 2017; (d) concentration index; (e) Gini coefficient. VAD = vitamin A deficiency; YLD = years lived with disability; HDI = human development index. *P < 0·05, **P < 0·01, ***P < 0·001