Table 5.
Cases of Cronobacter in neonates attributed to contamination of PIF. Note that there are records of other Cronobacter infections in neonates; however, all cases where the source of contamination was not investigated were excluded
| Year | Country | Exposure/symptomatic/death | Source of infection | Outbreak | Recall | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1989 | Iceland | 4/3/1 | Reconstituted PIF | Yes | No | (123) |
| 1989 | USA | 4/4/0 | Manufacturing environment | Yes | No | (124) |
| 1990 | USA | 1/1/0 | Blender | No | No | (125) |
| 2001 | Belgium | 6/6/2 | Reconstituted PIF+ unopened PIF | Yes | Yes | (126) |
| 2001 | Israel | 5/2/0 | PIF and blender | Yes | No | (127) |
| 2001 | USA | 10/3/1 | Reconstituted PIF + unopened powdered milk | Yes | Yes | (128) |
| 2002 | Belgium | 1/1/1 | PIF implicated | No | Yes | (129) |
| 2004 | New Zealand | 5/1/1 | Reconstituted PIF | Yes | No | (130) |
| 1994 | France | 17/8/3 | Reconstituted PIF + unopened PIF | Yes | No | (131) |
| 2008 | USA | 1/1/0 | Reconstituted PIF + unopened PIF | No | No | (132) |
| 2010 | Spain | 1/1/0 | Unopened PIF | No | No | (133) |
| 2010 | Mexico | 2/2/0 | Reconstituted PIF + unopened PIF | No | No | (134) |
| 2011 | USA | 4/4/2 | Reconstituted PIF + unopened PIF + nursery water | Yes | No | (135) |
| 2016 | USA | 1/1/0 | PIF | No | Yes | (136) |
| n/a | n/a | 62/38/11 | n/a | n/a | n/a |