Table 2.
Subgroup and meta-regression analysis of relative risk (RR) of maternal depression
| Subgroup | Number of studies | Pooled OR/RR | 95 % CI | P * | I 2 (%) | P † |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total | 13 | 0·49 | 0·35, 0·63 | 0·001 | 82·10 | |
| Depression type | ||||||
| APD | 6 | 0·51 | 0·37, 0·65 | 0·024 | 61·20 | 0·513 |
| PPD | 7 | 0·48 | 0·24, 0·72 | 0·001 | 82·80 | |
| Study design | ||||||
| Cohort study | 8 | 0·51 | 0·37, 0·65 | 0·002 | 69·30 | 0·711 |
| Case–control | 2 | 0·65 | –0·05, 1·34 | 0·037 | 86·90 | |
| Cross-sectional study | 3 | 0·34 | 0·04, 0·59 | 0·047 | 69·60 | |
| Depression measurement | ||||||
| CES-D | 4 | 0·49 | 0·34, 0·64 | 0·010 | 73·60 | 0·164 |
| EPDS | 6 | 0·41 | 0·17, 0·65 | 0·001 | 75·80 | |
| Others | 3 | 0·65 | 0·22, 1·08 | 0·021 | 74·20 | |
| 25(OH)D measurement | ||||||
| Venous blood | 11 | 0·43 | 0·29, 0·58 | 0·001 | 79·80 | 0·284 |
| Cord blood | 2 | 0·74 | 0·56, 0·93 | 0·718 | 0·00 | |
| Latitude | ||||||
| Low | 3 | 0·65 | 0·41, 0·88 | 0·702 | 0·00 | 0·462 |
| Middle | 10 | 0·46 | 0·31, 0·61 | 0·001 | 85·10 | |
| Race | ||||||
| Caucasian | 8 | 0·46 | 0·33, 0·59 | 0·003 | 67·10 | 0·347 |
| Asian | 3 | 0·51 | –0·04, 1·05 | 0·001 | 93·40 | |
| Mixed | 2 | 0·85 | 0·34, 1·37 | 0·919 | 0·00 | |
| Season of 25(OH)D measurement | ||||||
| Summer | 3 | 0·25 | 0·08, 0·43 | 0·201 | 28·50 | 0·008 |
| Winter | 2 | 0·46 | 0·28, 0·64 | 0·233 | 29·60 | |
| All | 8 | 0·68 | 0·52, 0·83 | 0·201 | 28·50 | |
| Age adjusted | ||||||
| Yes | 3 | 0·32 | 0·02, 0·63 | 0·040 | 69·00 | 0·477 |
| No | 10 | 0·53 | 0·39, 0·67 | 0·001 | 70·70 | |
| Education adjusted | ||||||
| Yes | 2 | 0·15 | 0·07, 0·24 | 0·345 | 0·00 | 0·159 |
| No | 11 | 0·54 | 0·41, 0·68 | 0·001 | 69·20 | |
| Parity adjusted | ||||||
| Yes | 3 | 0·24 | 0·04, 0·44 | 0·046 | 67·50 | 0·347 |
| No | 10 | 0·55 | 0·42, 0·68 | 0·005 | 61·90 | |
| History of depression adjusted | ||||||
| Yes | 1 | 0·84 | 0·28, 1·41 | – | – | 0·479 |
| No | 12 | 0·47 | 0·33, 0·62 | 0·001 | 82·80 | |
| BMI adjusted | ||||||
| Yes | 2 | 0·52 | 0·01, 1·04 | 0·103 | 62·40 | 0·809 |
| No | 11 | 0·49 | 0·33, 0·64 | 0·001 | 84·40 | |
| Smoking adjusted | ||||||
| Yes | 2 | 0·47 | –0·13, 1·07 | 0·039 | 76·40 | 0·909 |
| No | 11 | 0·51 | 0·35, 0·66 | 0·001 | 83·70 | |
APD, antepartum depression; PPD, postpartum depression; CES-D, Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale; EPDS, Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale.
*
P for heterogeneity within each subgroup.
†
P for heterogeneity between subgroups in the meta-regression analysis.