Table 3.
Crude mean energy contribution from ultra-processed foods (%) at 11, 22 and 30 years, respectively, in the 2004, 1993 and 1982 Pelotas Birth Cohorts, according to perinatal and current demographic and socioeconomic characteristics
| Variables | Mean energy contribution from ultra-processed foods (%) | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2004 Cohort | 1993 Cohort | 1982 Cohort | |||||||
| Mean | 95 % CI | P | Mean | 95 % CI | P | Mean | 95 % CI | P | |
| Maternal characteristics | |||||||||
| Skin colour | 0·021 | <0·001 | 0·966 | ||||||
| White | 33·3 | 32·8, 33·7 | 29·1 | 28·6, 29·6 | 25·1 | 24·7, 25·5 | |||
| Black | 34·7 | 33·8, 35·5 | 31·6 | 30·6, 32·5 | 25·1 | 24·2, 26·0 | |||
| Brown/yellow/indigenous | 33·6 | 32·0, 35·1 | 32·0 | 30·1, 33·8 | – | ||||
| Age (years) | 0·030 | 0·030 * | 0·284 | ||||||
| ≤24 | 34·1 | 33·6, 34·7 | 30·2 | 29·6, 30·9 | 24·9 | 24·3, 25·4 | |||
| 25–34 | 33·0 | 32·4, 33·6 | 29·3 | 28·6, 29·9 | 25·2 | 24·6, 25·7 | |||
| ≥35 | 33·4 | 32·3, 34·5 | 29·2 | 28·0, 30·4 | 25·8 | 24·6, 27·0 | |||
| Schooling (completed years) | <0·001 * | <0·001 * | <0·001 * | ||||||
| 0–4 | 34·4 | 33·3, 35·5 | 30·6 | 29·8, 31·4 | 23·6 | 23·0, 24·2 | |||
| 5–8 | 34·3 | 33·7, 35·0 | 30·1 | 29·5, 30·7 | 25·3 | 24·8, 25·8 | |||
| 9–11 | 32·8 | 32·1, 33·4 | 28·9 | 27·9, 29·8 | 26·5 | 25·4, 27·6 | |||
| ≥12 | 32·4 | 31·2, 33·6 | 26·0 | 24·8, 27·2 | 26·9 | 25·9, 27·8 | |||
| Monthly family income (quintiles) | 0·004 * | <0·001 * | <0·001 * | ||||||
| 1° (lowest) | 34·3 | 33·4, 35·2 | 30·5 | 29·6, 31·5 | 22·9 | 22·0, 23·7 | |||
| 2° | 33·5 | 32·6, 34·4 | 30·4 | 29·5, 31·3 | 24·4 | 23·6, 25·2 | |||
| 3° | 34·0 | 33·1, 34·9 | 30·3 | 29·3, 31·3 | 25·3 | 24·5, 26·0 | |||
| 4° | 33·9 | 33·0, 34·7 | 29·9 | 29·0, 30·7 | 25·9 | 25·2, 26·7 | |||
| 5° (highest) | 32·0 | 31·2, 32·9 | 27·5 | 26·6, 28·4 | 26·8 | 26·0, 27·6 | |||
| Participants’ characteristics | |||||||||
| Sex | 0·581 | <0·001 | <0·001 | ||||||
| Male | 33·5 | 32·9, 34·0 | 28·5 | 27·9, 29·1 | 24·4 | 23·9, 24·8 | |||
| Female | 33·7 | 33·1, 34·3 | 30·8 | 30·2, 31·3 | 25·8 | 25·3, 26·3 | |||
| Skin colour | 0·058 | <0·001 | 0·354 | ||||||
| White | 33·3 | 32·8, 33·8 | 29·0 | 28·5, 29·5 | 25·1 | 24·7, 25·5 | |||
| Black | 34·7 | 33·6, 35·8 | 31·6 | 30·5, 32·8 | 25·5 | 24·5, 26·4 | |||
| Brown/yellow/indigenous | 33·9 | 33·0, 34·8 | 30·6 | 29·7, 31·5 | 24·4 | 23·1, 25·6 | |||
| Schooling (year/scholar grade) | 0·015 * | – | – | ||||||
| ≤3° | 35·5 | 33·9, 37·1 | – | – | |||||
| 4–5° | 33·6 | 33·1, 34·0 | – | – | |||||
| 6–7° | 33·0 | 32·2, 33·9 | – | – | |||||
| Schooling (completed years) | – | <0·001 * | <0·001 * | ||||||
| 0–4 | – | 33·1 | 30·6, 35·7 | 22·0 | 20·5, 23·5 | ||||
| 5–8 | – | 31·5 | 30·7, 32·3 | 23·7 | 22·9, 24·5 | ||||
| 9–11 | – | 29·9 | 29·3, 30·6 | 25·8 | 25·2, 26·5 | ||||
| ≥12 | – | 27·3 | 26·6, 28·0 | 25·7 | 25·2, 26·2 | ||||
| Monthly family income (quintiles) | 0·016 * | <0·001 * | 0·003 * | ||||||
| 1° (lowest) | 34·3 | 33·4, 35·3 | 30·1 | 29·1, 31·1 | 24·1 | 23·2, 25·0 | |||
| 2° | 33·6 | 32·7, 34·5 | 30·9 | 29·9, 31·9 | 25·2 | 24·4, 26·0 | |||
| 3° | 33·8 | 32·9, 34·6 | 29·9 | 29·0, 30·9 | 24·6 | 23·8, 25·4 | |||
| 4° | 33·4 | 32·6, 34·1 | 29·9 | 29·0, 30·8 | 25·9 | 25·1, 26·7 | |||
| 5° (highest) | 32·7 | 31·8, 33·6 | 27·3 | 26·5, 28·2 | 25·6 | 24·9, 26·4 | |||
| Total (crude) | 33·6 | 33·2, 34·0 | 29·7 | 29·3, 30·1 | 25·1 | 24·7, 25·4 | |||
Mean differences evaluated by linear regression. Values in bold represent statistically significant associations.
*
P-value for linear trend.