Table 3.
Characteristics of studies relevant to stunting and obesity in adolescents (12–18 years)*
| Reference no. | Location | Study duration | Sample size | Gender (%) (female/male) | Age (years) | Subjects characteristics | Findings | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Stunting | Underweight | Ow, Ob, and AO | |||||||
| Casapulla et al.(37) | Quito | 2015 | 433 | Cariamanga: 69/31 Pomasqui: 68/32 |
13–18 | Urban-Sierra region. Urban schools in Quito |
Not reported | All:7·3 % Cariamanga: 6·5 % Pomasqui: 8·0 % |
-Cariamanga: All: Ow: 10·3 %, Ob: 7·5 % -Pomasqui: All: Ow: 8·9 %, Ob: 5·2 % M, Ow: 6·6 %, Ob:3·7 %, AO:12 % F Ow:11·0 %, Ob:7·6 %, AO: 33 % |
| Freire et al.(3) | Nationwide survey | 2011–2013 | 8529 | Not reported | 12–19 | All regions and ethnicities | All: 19 % F: 21·1 % M: 17·3 % Indigenous: 19·5 % Afroecuadorian: 13·4 % Montubio: 21·7 % Mestizo: 16·9 % |
Not reported | Ow/Ob All: 26·0 %, F:28·8 % M: 23·3 % Indigenous: 48·8 % Afro Ecuadorian: 43·7 % Montubio : 17·8 % Mestizo: 26·1 % |
| Cambizaca et al.(25) | Loja | 2013–2014 | 1337 | 61/40 | 11–17 | Publics high schools | Not reported | F: 3·42 %, M: 2·83 % U: 3·0 %, R: 3·5 % |
Ow, F: 20 %, M: 20·3 % U: 20·5, R:18·7 % Ob, F: 7·40 %, M:5·5 % U: 7·1 %, R: 3·1 % |
| Garrido et al.(26) | Paute | 2014 | 314 | 57./43 | 12–19 | Urban and Rural schools | All: 24·8 % Urban: 16·3 % Rural: 31·8 % |
Not reporting | Ow, All:19·8 % U:24·1 %, R: 16·2 % Ob: All:2·95 U:4·3 %, R:1·7 % AO: All:1·6 % U:2·8 %, R:0·6 %, |
| Ramos et al.(34) | Riobamba | 2013 | 2099 | 48/52 | 12–19 | Urban | Not reported | UW: 2·0 % | Ow:16·6 %, Ob: 4·9 % |
| Yepez et al.(35) | Esmeraldas Guayaquil Machala Manta Portoviejo Quevedo |
2006–2007 | 2829 | 52/49 | <19 | Urban | Not reported | All: 16·8 % Age: 12–14 years: 16·8 % 15–16 years: 16·5 % 17–18 years: 16·4 % |
Ow: 13·7 %, Ob: 7·5 % Age: 12–14 years: Ow: 14·3 %, Ob: 7·8 % 15–16 years: Ow: 13·3 %, Ob: 7·8 % 17–18 years: Ow: 12·6 %, Ob: 5·5 % |
| Castro et al.(36) | Loja, Quito | 2001 | 302 | 100 | 12–19 | Semi urban | Not reported | All: 50 % | Ow: 8·3 %, Ob: 0·7 % |
F, female; M, male; Ow, overweight; Ob, obesity; AO, abdominal obesity; U, urban; R, rural; Indigenous, native Ecuadorians; Mestizo, descendants of mixed marriage; Mulatto, descendants of mixed white and black ancestries; Montubio, mestizo people living in countryside of coastal Ecuador.
*
All studies adopted the WHO z scores.