Table 1.
Differences between variables according to insomnia status
| Total (n 1000) | No clinically significant insomnia (ISI score = 0–7) (n 394) | Subthreshold insomnia (ISI score = 8–14) (n 450) | Moderate to severe clinical insomnia (ISI score = 15–28) (n 156) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | P * | |
| Age | |||||||||
| Mean | 20·87 | 20·95 | 20·83 | 21·01 | 0·68 | ||||
| sd | 2·69 | 2·72 | 2·37 | 2·60 | |||||
| Gender | |||||||||
| Male | 367 | 36·7 | 140 | 35·5 | 165 | 36·7 | 62 | 39·7 | 0·65 |
| Female | 633 | 63·3 | 254 | 64·5 | 285 | 63·3 | 94 | 60·3 | |
| Marital status | |||||||||
| Single | 978 | 97·8 | 381 | 96·7 | 445 | 98·9 | 152 | 97·4 | 0·08 |
| Married | 22 | 2·2 | 13 | 3·3 | 5 | 1·1 | 4 | 2·6 | |
| College | |||||||||
| Medical | 524 | 52·4 | 214 | 54·3 | 243 | 54·0 | 67 | 42·9 | 0·04 |
| Non-medical | 476 | 47·6 | 180 | 45·7 | 207 | 46·0 | 89 | 57·1 | |
| Academic level | |||||||||
| Junior students (1st and 2nd years) | 553 | 55·3 | 214 | 54·3 | 253 | 56·2 | 86 | 55·1 | 0·87 |
| Senior students (3rd–6th year) | 447 | 44·7 | 180 | 45·7 | 197 | 43·8 | 70 | 44·9 | |
| BMI (kg/m2) | |||||||||
| Mean | 23·75 | 23·92 | 23·64 | 23·63 | 0·73 | ||||
| sd | 4·56 | 4·62 | 4·54 | 4·50 | |||||
| Smoking | |||||||||
| Yes | 147 | 14·7 | 43 | 10·9 | 72 | 16·0 | 32 | 20·5 | 0·01 |
| No | 853 | 85·3 | 351 | 89·1 | 378 | 84·0 | 124 | 79·5 | |
| Number of family members | |||||||||
| Mean | 6·47 | 6·33 | 6·56 | 6·57 | 0·26 | ||||
| sd | 1·74 | 1·74 | 1·68 | 1·89 | |||||
| Average family income | |||||||||
| ≤500 JD | 246 | 24·6 | 98 | 24·9 | 103 | 22·9 | 45 | 28·8 | |
| 501–1000 JD | 402 | 40·2 | 162 | 41·1 | 175 | 38·9 | 65 | 41·7 | 0·31 |
| >1000 JD | 352 | 35·2 | 134 | 34·0 | 172 | 38·2 | 46 | 29·5 | |
| Regular exercise | |||||||||
| Yes | 664 | 66·4 | 273 | 69·3 | 294 | 65·3 | 97 | 62·2 | 0·23 |
| No | 336 | 33·6 | 121 | 30·7 | 156 | 34·7 | 59 | 37·8 | |
| History of medical illness during previous month | |||||||||
| Yes | 106 | 10·6 | 35 | 8·9 | 42 | 9·3 | 29 | 18·6 | <0·01 |
| No | 894 | 89·4 | 359 | 91·1 | 408 | 90·7 | 127 | 81·4 | |
| HADS-anxiety score (0–21) | |||||||||
| Mean | 7·8 | 5·99† ‡ | 8·22† § | 11·18‡ § | 0·000 | ||||
| sd | 4·33 | 3·91 | 3·88 | 4·30 | |||||
| Normal (0–7) | 513 | 51·3 | 274 | 69·5 | 206 | 45·8 | 33 | 21·2 | |
| Borderline (8–10) | 225 | 22·5 | 64 | 16·2 | 125 | 27·8 | 36 | 23·1 | 0·000 |
| Abnormal (11–21) | 262 | 26·2 | 56 | 14·2 | 119 | 26·4 | 87 | 55·8 | |
| HADS-depression score (0–21) | |||||||||
| Mean | 7·13 | 6·09† ‡ | 7·27 † § | 9·37 ‡ § | 0·000 | ||||
| sd | 3·7 | 3·36 | 3·48 | 4·08 | |||||
| Normal (0–7) | 577 | 57·7 | 268 | 68·0 | 249 | 55·3 | 60 | 38·5 | 0·000 |
| Borderline (8–10) | 243 | 24·3 | 81 | 20·6 | 126 | 28·0 | 36 | 23·1 | |
| Abnormal (11–21) | 180 | 18·0 | 45 | 11·4 | 75 | 16·7 | 60 | 38·5 | |
| Daily dairy Ca intake (mg/d) | |||||||||
| Median | 288·12 | 310·08 | 277·28 | 219·64 | 0·04 | ||||
| 25th–75th percentiles | 130·95–487·72 | 135·56–529·76 | 132·79–476·48 | 105·14–466·69 | |||||
| Complaint of MSP in any site of the body | |||||||||
| Yes | 429 | 42·9 | 138 | 35·0 | 200 | 44·4 | 91 | 58·3 | 0·000 |
| No | 571 | 57·1 | 256 | 65·0 | 250 | 55·6 | 65 | 41·7 | |
| MSP intensity during the previous month (0–10) | |||||||||
| Median | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0·000 | ||||
| 25th–75th percentiles | 0–4 | 0–2 | 0–4 | 0–5 | |||||
| Number of painful body sites (1–12) | |||||||||
| Median | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0·000 | ||||
| 25th–75th percentiles | 0–1·75 | 0–1 | 0–2 | 0–2 | |||||
ISI, Insomnia Severity Index; HADS, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Score; MSP, musculoskeletal pain; JD, Jordanian Dinar.
One-way ANOVA test, Kruskal-Wallis one-way ANOVA or χ 2 test as appropriate (P-values < 0·05 were considered statistically significant). Data are expressed as frequency (%), mean ± sd or median (25th–75th percentiles).
Post-hoc analysis revealed significant difference between no clinically significant insomnia and subthreshold insomnia.
Post-hoc analysis revealed significant difference between no clinically significant insomnia and moderate to severe insomnia.
Post-hoc analysis revealed significant difference between subthreshold insomnia and moderate to severe insomnia.