Table 3.
Characteristics of the study participants across the three dietary patterns
| Variable | Healthy Japanese pattern | Sweets-fat pattern | Seafood–alcohol pattern | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | P for trend * | Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | P for trend * | Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | P for trend * | |
| Number of participants | 324 | 326 | 325 | 324 | 324 | 326 | 324 | 325 | 325 | 324 | 325 | 325 | |||
| Age (years) | |||||||||||||||
| Mean | 33·0 | 38·1 | 41·8 | 43·6 | <0·001 | 40·5 | 40·2 | 38·9 | 37·1 | <0·001 | 38·8 | 40·2 | 38·4 | 39·3 | 0·950 |
| sd | 10·2 | 10·9 | 11·2 | 11·1 | 11·7 | 11·1 | 11·3 | 11·9 | 10·9 | 11·6 | 11·8 | 11·9 | |||
| BMI (kg/m2) | |||||||||||||||
| Mean | 21·0 | 21·2 | 21·3 | 21·3 | 0·154 | 21·6 | 21·4 | 20·9 | 20·7 | <0·001 | 20·9 | 21·3 | 21·2 | 21·3 | 0·111 |
| sd | 3·2 | 3·1 | 2·7 | 2·9 | 3·4 | 2·8 | 2·9 | 2·7 | 2·7 | 2·9 | 3·2 | 3·0 | |||
| Family structure (%) | |||||||||||||||
| Living alone | 27·0 | 14·1 | 7·5 | 6·3 | <0·001 | 12·5 | 12·5 | 14·5 | 15·6 | 0·008 | 15·0 | 11·9 | 13·7 | 14·4 | 0·739 |
| Married couple | 40·1 | 35·9 | 37·8 | 34·9 | 33·0 | 33·8 | 37·4 | 44·5 | 36·7 | 34·7 | 39·3 | 38·1 | |||
| Married couple with children | 23·0 | 33·1 | 32·8 | 33·3 | 37·7 | 32·8 | 28·6 | 23·1 | 31·0 | 34·1 | 26·8 | 30·3 | |||
| Married couple with children and grandparents | 9·9 | 16·9 | 21·9 | 25·5 | 16·8 | 20·9 | 19·5 | 16·8 | 17·2 | 19·4 | 20·2 | 17·2 | |||
| <3 000 000 | 22·4 | 19·3 | 12·2 | 17·1 | <0·001 | 19·5 | 14·9 | 18·5 | 18·3 | 0·436 | 19·5 | 16·2 | 17·0 | 18·5 | 0·307 |
| 3 000 000–4 990 000 | 36·5 | 26·4 | 24·3 | 26·0 | 30·2 | 27·5 | 27·2 | 28·5 | 31·9 | 28·4 | 27·2 | 25·8 | |||
| 5 000 000–6 990 000 | 23·1 | 30·5 | 34·7 | 28·6 | 28·5 | 32·5 | 29·5 | 26·1 | 25·8 | 29·4 | 29·9 | 31·5 | |||
| ≧7 000 000 | 18·1 | 23·7 | 28·8 | 28·3 | 21·8 | 25·1 | 24·8 | 27·1 | 22·8 | 26·0 | 25·9 | 24·2 | |||
| Marriage status (%) | |||||||||||||||
| Unmarried | 55·6 | 40·3 | 29·6 | 29·0 | <0·001 | 35·9 | 34·8 | 39·1 | 44·8 | 0·011 | 40·9 | 36·3 | 37·3 | 40·0 | 0·874 |
| Married | 44·4 | 59·7 | 70·4 | 71·0 | 64·1 | 65·2 | 60·9 | 55·2 | 59·1 | 63·7 | 62·7 | 60·0 | |||
| Working hours (h/d, %) | |||||||||||||||
| ≦8 | 34·6 | 50·0 | 56·8 | 60·6 | <0·001 | 52·2 | 55·6 | 51·4 | 42·8 | 0·010 | 50·5 | 54·0 | 49·1 | 48·4 | 0·376 |
| >8 | 65·4 | 50·0 | 43·2 | 39·4 | 47·8 | 44·4 | 48·6 | 57·2 | 49·5 | 46·0 | 50·9 | 51·6 | |||
| Education (year, %) | |||||||||||||||
| <13 | 6·2 | 12·2 | 15·4 | 16·7 | <0·001 | 17·0 | 12·8 | 11·3 | 9·3 | 0·003 | 10·0 | 13·8 | 10·3 | 16·3 | 0·123 |
| 13–14 | 81·9 | 79·6 | 75·5 | 74·5 | 74·2 | 79·4 | 78·9 | 79·1 | 79·9 | 76·7 | 80·3 | 74·7 | |||
| ≧15 | 11·8 | 8·2 | 9·1 | 8·8 | 8·8 | 7·8 | 9·7 | 11·5 | 10·0 | 9·4 | 9·4 | 9·1 | |||
| Frequent eating out (time/week, %) | |||||||||||||||
| ≧2 | 48·8 | 31·6 | 23·5 | 14·9 | <0·001 | 25·8 | 26·3 | 29·5 | 37·3 | 0·001 | 21·5 | 27·4 | 32·5 | 37·5 | <0·001 |
| <2 | 51·3 | 68·4 | 76·5 | 85·1 | 74·2 | 73·8 | 70·5 | 62·7 | 78·5 | 72·6 | 67·5 | 62·5 | |||
| Skipping breakfast (%) | |||||||||||||||
| Skip more than two times/week | 28·9 | 20·6 | 15·7 | 10·4 | <0·001 | 16·8 | 14·1 | 20·8 | 23·9 | 0·004 | 13·4 | 12·9 | 17·4 | 32·0 | <0·001 |
| Eat almost every day | 71·1 | 79·4 | 84·3 | 89·6 | 83·2 | 85·9 | 79·2 | 76·1 | 86·6 | 87·1 | 82·6 | 68·0 | |||
| Family meal at dinner (time/week, %) | |||||||||||||||
| <3 | 34·0 | 25·0 | 13·2 | 12·5 | <0·001 | 18·4 | 22·1 | 19·0 | 25·0 | 0·102 | 20·1 | 19·0 | 22·4 | 23·1 | 0·237 |
| ≧3 | 66·0 | 75·0 | 86·8 | 87·5 | 81·6 | 77·9 | 81·0 | 75·0 | 79·9 | 81·0 | 77·6 | 76·9 | |||
| Smoking status (%) | |||||||||||||||
| Former, current | 30·4 | 24·6 | 24·2 | 12·1 | <0·001 | 21·7 | 24·5 | 20·8 | 24·3 | 0·698 | 19·4 | 21·8 | 21·3 | 28·8 | 0·008 |
| Never | 69·6 | 75·4 | 75·8 | 87·9 | 78·3 | 75·5 | 79·2 | 75·7 | 80·6 | 78·2 | 78·7 | 71·2 | |||
| Alcohol drinking (%) | |||||||||||||||
| ≧1 time/month | 62·1 | 58·0 | 53·0 | 42·9 | <0·001 | 53·9 | 56·7 | 53·5 | 52·0 | 0·483 | 46·3 | 50·0 | 53·3 | 66·7 | <0·001 |
| Quit or never | 37·9 | 42·0 | 47·0 | 57·1 | 46·1 | 43·3 | 46·5 | 48·0 | 53·7 | 50·0 | 46·7 | 33·3 | |||
| Rest from sleep (%) | |||||||||||||||
| Not enough | 32·6 | 35·8 | 27·9 | 30·4 | 0·214 | 26·3 | 33·4 | 35·7 | 31·4 | 0·133 | 28·7 | 28·0 | 35·8 | 34·4 | 0·032 |
| Enough | 67·4 | 64·2 | 72·1 | 69·6 | 73·7 | 66·6 | 64·3 | 68·6 | 71·3 | 72·0 | 64·2 | 65·6 | |||
| Sleeping duration (h/d, %) | |||||||||||||||
| <6 | 23·4 | 23·5 | 21·7 | 25·0 | 0·783 | 21·9 | 25·6 | 23·0 | 23·1 | 0·929 | 21·1 | 22·4 | 24·0 | 26·2 | 0·110 |
| ≧6 | 76·6 | 76·5 | 78·3 | 75·0 | 78·1 | 74·4 | 77·0 | 76·9 | 78·9 | 77·6 | 76·0 | 73·8 | |||
| Physical activity (%) | |||||||||||||||
| None | 74·6 | 75·6 | 65·7 | 63·4 | <0·001 | 70·8 | 65·3 | 74·0 | 69·5 | 0·686 | 72·2 | 72·4 | 69·4 | 65·4 | 0·041 |
| ≧1 h/week | 25·4 | 24·4 | 34·3 | 36·6 | 29·2 | 34·7 | 26·0 | 30·5 | 27·8 | 27·6 | 30·6 | 34·6 | |||
| Self-reported stress (%) | |||||||||||||||
| Moderate or high | 86·7 | 89·2 | 84·9 | 85·6 | 0·371 | 86·7 | 85·6 | 87·1 | 86·9 | 0·808 | 87·9 | 85·1 | 86·2 | 87·1 | 0·879 |
| Never or light | 13·3 | 10·8 | 15·1 | 14·4 | 13·3 | 14·4 | 12·9 | 13·1 | 12·1 | 14·9 | 13·8 | 12·9 | |||
*
Mantel-Haenszel χ 2 test for categorical variables and linear regression analysis for continuous variables, assigning ordinal numbers 0–3 to quartile categories of each dietary patterns (P < 0·05).