Table 3.
Dietary diversity and sociodemographic characteristics: association with mental health problems*
| Emotional problems | Conduct problems | Symptoms of hyperactive/inattention | Peer relationship problems | Prosocial behaviour problems | ||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unadjusted OR | 95 % CI | Adjusted OR | 95 % CI | Unadjusted OR | 95 % CI | Adjusted OR | 95 % CI | Unadjusted OR | 95 % CI | Adjusted OR | 95 % CI | Unadjusted OR | 95 % CI | Adjusted OR | 95 % CI | Unadjusted OR | 95 % CI | Adjusted OR | 95 % CI | |
| Dietary diversity score | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Low | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | ||||||||||
| Medium | 1·40 | 1·01, 1·94 | 1·41 | 0·98, 2·03 | 0·98 | 0·69, 1·38 | 1·02 | 0·70, 1·50 | 0·58 | 0·36, 0·92 | 0·57 | 0·34, 0·94 | 0·95 | 0·49, 1·84 | 0·83 | 0·40, 1·72 | 0·66 | 0·44, 0·99 | 0·65 | 0·42, 1·00 |
| High | 1·14 | 0·80, 1·63 | 1·35 | 0·91, 2·01 | 0·87 | 0·59, 1·28 | 0·87 | 0·57, 1·32 | 0·48 | 0·27, 0·86 | 0·23 | 0·15, 0·34 | 0·69 | 0·50, 0·91 | 0·40 | 0·20, 0·82 | 0·32 | 0·16, 0·67 | 0·29 | 0·12, 0·73 |
| Age (years) | ||||||||||||||||||||
| 3 | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | ||||||||||
| 5 | 0·61 | 0·48, 0·77 | 0·58 | 0·45, 0·74 | 0·61 | 0·47, 0·78 | 0·73 | 0·55, 0·96 | 0·76 | 0·58, 0·99 | 0·77 | 0·59, 1·00 | 0·58 | 0·41, 0·83 | 0·72 | 0·49, 1·06 | 0·57 | 0·44, 0·74 | 0·70 | 0·52, 0·93 |
| Gender | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Male | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | ||||||||||||
| Female | 1·00 | 0·81, 1·26 | 0·09 | 0·59, 0·96 | 0·77 | 0·59, 1·01 | 0·77 | 0·60, 0·99 | 0·78 | 0·60, 1·03 | 0·95 | 0·69, 1·32 | 0·66 | 0·52, 0·85 | 0·66 | 0·50, 0·86 | ||||
| Ethnicity | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Han | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | |||||||||||||||
| Non-Han | 1·33 | 0·92, 1·90 | 1·16 | 0·78, 1·70 | 0·89 | 0·60, 1·31 | 1·06 | 0·63, 1·79 | 0·80 | 0·55, 1·15 | ||||||||||
| BMI for age z-score | ||||||||||||||||||||
| (-2,2) | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | |||||||||||||||
| ≥2, or ≤–2 | 1·11 | 0·65, 1·91 | 1·52 | 0·87, 2·63 | 0·91 | 0·49, 1·72 | 1·29 | 0·62, 2·68 | 0·79 | 0·42, 1·49 | ||||||||||
| WMI | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Normal | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | |||||||||||
| Borderline | 1·57 | 1·16, 2·11 | 1·38 | 0·95, 1·98 | 1·50 | 1·09, 2·06 | 1·27 | 0·87, 1·86 | 1·08 | 0·77, 1·52 | 1·74 | 1·16, 2·62 | 1·37 | 0·83, 2·26 | 1·71 | 1·24, 2·34 | 1·25 | 0·85, 1·83 | ||
| Abnormal | 1·55 | 0·93, 2·59 | 1·54 | 0·84, 2·80 | 1·64 | 0·96, 2·79 | 1·47 | 0·81, 2·65 | 1·24 | 0·70, 2·18 | 2·32 | 1·24, 4·33 | 2·13 | 1·05, 4·33 | 1·79 | 1·05, 3·05 | 1·24 | 0·68, 2·25 | ||
| VCI | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Normal | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | ||||||||||||
| Borderline | 1·23 | 0·93, 1·62 | 1·37 | 1·01, 1·85 | 1·23 | 0·88, 1·73 | 0·98 | 0·71, 1·35 | 1·66 | 1·13, 2·43 | 1·74 | 1·13, 2·69 | 1·40 | 1·03, 1·90 | 1·22 | 0·87, 1·72 | ||||
| Abnormal | 1·20 | 0·83, 1·74 | 1·59 | 1·08, 2·33 | 1·14 | 0·72, 1·82 | 1·00 | 0·65, 1·52 | 1·35 | 0·79, 2·28 | 0·97 | 0·51, 1·83 | 2·05 | 1·40, 3·00 | 1·67 | 1·06, 2·63 | ||||
| Time spent on TV/mobile | ||||||||||||||||||||
| <60 min | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | |||||||||||||||
| ≥60 min | 0·94 | 0·75, 1·18 | 1·12 | 0·87, 1·44 | 0·92 | 0·71, 1·19 | 1·38 | 0·97, 1·96 | 1·09 | 0·84, 1·41 | ||||||||||
| Parental education level | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Junior high school or below | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | |||||||||||||||
| Senior high school or above | 0·90 | 0·68, 1·20 | 0·79 | 0·58, 1·08 | 0·97 | 0·70, 1·34 | 1·15 | 0·77, 1·71 | 0·84 | 0·61, 1·16 | ||||||||||
| Left-behind status | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Both parents at home | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | |||||||||||||
| At least one parent emigrated | 1·32 | 1·03, 1·69 | 1·29 | 0·97, 1·71 | 0·70 | 0·54, 0·91 | 0·78 | 0·59, 1·04 | 0·90 | 0·69, 1·19 | 1·06 | 0·75, 1·52 | 1·18 | 0·90, 1·54 | ||||||
| Primary caregiver’s education | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Junior high school or below | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | ||||||||||||||
| Senior high school or above | 0·54 | 0·35, 0·84 | 0·53 | 0·32, 0·88 | 1·10 | 0·72, 1·68 | 1·17 | 0·75, 1·83 | 1·08 | 0·61, 1·91 | 0·87 | 0·55, 1·37 | ||||||||
| Household SES | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Lowest tertile | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | |||||||||||||
| Middle tertile | 0·86 | 0·66, 1·13 | 0·88 | 0·65, 1·18 | 1·19 | 0·89, 1·59 | 1·02 | 0·75, 1·38 | 1·11 | 0·73, 1·69 | 1·37 | 0·85, 2·22 | 0·90 | 0·67, 1·21 | ||||||
| Highest tertile | 0·64 | 0·49, 0·84 | 0·68 | 0·50, 0·92 | 0·81 | 0·60, 1·09 | 0·96 | 0·71, 1·31 | 1·64 | 1·11, 2·23 | 2·03 | 1·29, 3·21 | 1·00 | 0·74, 1·34 | ||||||
WMI, working memory index; VCI, verbal comprehension index; SES, socio-economic status.
Bold values represent they are statistically significant.
*
Adjusted means for sociodemographic variables that were significant in the unadjusted logistic regression models.