Table 2.
Measures used to assess socio-economic status
| Reference | Socio-economic assessment measure | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Income | Occupation | Education | Area-level disadvantage | Other measures | ||
| Income metric | Equivalent annual income ranges per annum | |||||
| Peer-reviewed literature studies | ||||||
| Ball et al. (49) | – | – | – | University; year 12/certificate/trade; up to year 10 | – | – |
| Beckford et al.(43) | – | – | – | – | – | No description of assessment measure provided |
| Brennan & Singh(29) | Dichotomous | ≤$20 k; >$20 k | – | – | – | Self-rated subjective measure |
| Chung et al. (42) | – | – | – | – | – | Composite measure (income, occupation, education) |
| Feng & Astell-Burt(34) | HH income quartiles | <$20 k; $20 k–$39 999 k; $40 k–$69 999 k; ≥$70 k | – | – | SEIFA IRSD | – |
| Gasser et al. (35) | HH income quartiles | <$26 k; $26 k–$51 999 k; $52 k−$103 999 k | – | University; completed school; did not complete school | SEIFA IRSD | Composite measure (occupation, education, income) quintiles |
| Giskes et al.(45) | HH income quintiles | <$22 499 k; $22·5 k–$37 499; $37·5 k–$52 499; $52·5 k–$74 999; ≥$75 k | – | – | – | – |
| Giskes et al.(55) | HH income: quintiles | <$22 499 k; $22·5 k–$37 499; $37·5 k–$52 499; $52·5 k–$74 999; ≥$75 k | – | – | – | – |
| Grech et al.(36) | Equivalised HH income: quintiles | Ranges not stated | – | University; student; vocational; no tertiary education | SEIFA IRSD | – |
| Hardy et al.(40) | – | – | – | – | SEIFA IRSD | – |
| Inglis et al. (30) | Gross income: tertiles | <$26 k; $26 k–$51 948; ≥$52 k; unknown | – | Degree/higher degree; year 12, trade or certificate; less than year 12 | – | – |
| Kunaratnam et al. (31) | HH income: dichotomous | <$40 k; ≥$40 k | – | University; no university | – | – |
| Livingstone et al.(17) | Equivalised HH income: quintiles | ≤$20 696; $20 697–$33 176; $33 177–$49 816; $49 817–$59 852; ≥$59 853 | – | Low (some high school); medium (high school/certificate/diploma); high (university) | SEIFA IRSD | – |
| Martin et al. (32) | HH income: tertiles | ≤$40 k; $41 k–$80 k; >$80 k | – | No formal education; trade/certificate/diploma; university | All of moderate disadvantage by SEIFA IRSD | – |
| McKinnon et al.(51) | HH income: quartiles | ≤$25 999; $26 k–$51 999; $52 k–$77 999; ≥$78 k | – | University; diploma; vocational; no post-school | – | – |
| McLeod et al.(47) | – | – | – | University; vocational; no post-school | – | – |
| Miura et al.(58) | – | – | – | University; diploma; vocational; no post-school | – | – |
| Miura et al.(59) | HH income: quartiles | ≤$30 k; $30 001–$46 500; $46 501–$61 999; ≥$62 k | – | University; diploma; vocational; no post-school | – | – |
| Olstad et al. (37) | HH equivalised gross income tertiles | Ranges not stated | – | Less than years 12; years 12/trade diploma; tertiary | SEIFA IRSD | – |
| Renzaho et al. (44) | HH income quintiles | <$20 k; $20 k–$39 k; $40 k–$59 k; $60 k–$79 k; ≥$80 k | – | High school; tertiary/further education | – | – |
| Terry et al.(41) | – | – | – | Primary; secondary; tertiary; other | – | Health-care card holder; non-health-care card holder |
| Thorton et al.(48) | HH income quartiles | <$15·5 k; $15·5 k–$25·9 k; $25·9 k–$36·3 k; $36·3 k–$51·9 k | – | No formal qualification; year 10; year 12/trade/diploma/certificate; University | – | – |
| Turrell et al. (38) | HH income quintiles | <$20·8 k; $20·8 k–$36 399; $36·4 k–$51 999; $52 k–$77 999; ≥$78 k | Manager/professional; white-collar employee; blue-collar employee | University; diploma; vocational; no post-school | Low, middle, high proportion of HH earning <$400/week in area | – |
| Turrell & Kavanagh(54) | HH income quartiles | <$20·8 k; $20·8 k–$36 399; $36·4 k–$51 999; $52 k–$77 999; ≥$78 k | – | University; diploma; vocational; no post-school | – | – |
| Turrell et al.(39) | HH income quartiles | <$20·8 k; $20·8 k–$36 399; $36·4 k–$51 999; $52 k–$77 999; ≥$78 k | – | SEIFA IRSD | – | |
| Turrell et al.(52) | HH income quintiles | <$20·8 k; $20·8 k–$36 399; $36·4 k–$51 999; $52 k–$77 999; ≥$78 k | Manager/professional; white-collar employee; blue-collar employee | University; diploma; vocational; no post-school | – | – |
| Turrell et al.(53) | HH income quintiles | <$20·8 k; $20·8 k–$36 399; $36·4 k–$51 999; $52 k–$77 999; ≥$78 k | Manager/professional; white-collar employee; blue-collar employee | University; diploma; vocational; no post-school | – | – |
| Venn & Strazdins(46) | Low income ≤80 % of sample median p.a. HH equivalised disposable income | Ranges not given | – | – | Reported ‘feeling poor’ | |
| Wen et al.(50) | HH income: dichotomous | <$40 k; ≥$40 k | – | University; under university | – | – |
| Worsley et al.(56) | HH per capita income, tertiles | <$8749·75; $8749·75–$17 499·50; >$17 499·50 | – | – | – | |
| Worsley et al.(57) | – | – | – | University; vocational; no higher qualification | – | – |
| Zarnowiecki et al.(33) | HH gross income tertiles | <$60 k; $60 001–$100 k; >$100 k | Manager; professional; technician/trades; community and personal service; clerical and administrative; sales; machinery operators and drivers; labourers; not in labour force | Never attended school; some high school; completed high school; trade/diploma; university degree; higher university degree | – | – |
| Non-peer-reviewed grey literature studies | ||||||
| AIHW(28) | – | – | – | – | SEIFA IRSD | – |
HH, household; SEIFA IRSD, Socio-Economic Indexes for Areas Index of Relative Socio-economic Disadvantage; AIHW, Australian Institute of Health and Welfare.