Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of participants in case–control study of breast cancer in Iran
| Case (n 412) | Control (n 456) | P value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean | sd | Mean | sd | ||
| Median LCD score | 8·9 | 2·6 | 9·0 | 2·6 | 0·27 |
| Age (years) | 46·3 | 10·4 | 44·2 | 11·3 | 0·003 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 28·1 | 5·2 | 28·8 | 6·1 | 0·03 |
| Physical activity (MET h/weak) | 20·1 | 25·1 | 26·4 | 37·1 | 0·001 |
| Age at menarche (years) | 13·0 | 2·4 | 12·9 | 2·6 | 0·31 |
| Educational level, n% | |||||
| Un university | 83·2 | 84·3 | 0·66 | ||
| University | 16·7 | 15·7 | |||
| Married (%) | 81·1 | 84·4 | <0·001 | ||
| Family history of breast cancer (yes) (%) | 10·19 | 1·54 | <0·001 | ||
| Oral contraceptive use (yes) (%) | 52·8 | 61·3 | 0·02 | ||
| Postmenopausal hormone use (%) | 0·49 | 1·97 | 0·05 | ||
| Current smoking (%) | 3·4 | 4·9 | 0·21 | ||
| Alcohol intake (%) | 2·43 | 5·83 | 0·01 | ||
| Fertility treatment (%) | 4·6 | 6·4 | 0·26 | ||
| Nulligravid (%) | 13·3 | 16·0 | 0·27 | ||
| Parity | |||||
| Nulliparous/missing | 43·4 | 42·9 | 0·94 | ||
| 1 | 8·7 | 9·2 | |||
| 2–3 | 33·0 | 31·8 | |||
| ≥4 | 14·8 | 16·0 | |||
| Whole grains (g/d) | 93·2 | 96·4 | 91·2 | 101·2 | 0·38 |
| Refined grains (g/d) | 321·1 | 179·3 | 305·1 | 174·2 | 0·09 |
| Fruits (g/d) | 564·3 | 384·2 | 569·1 | 372·2 | 0·42 |
| Vegetables (g/d) | 301·6 | 242·1 | 316·6 | 211·5 | 0·16 |
| Legumes (g/d) | 47·3 | 51·8 | 51·8 | 81·5 | 0·16 |
| Red meat (g/d) | 13·8 | 18·9 | 16·2 | 21·5 | 0·04 |
| Energy (kcal) | 2572·1 | 820·2 | 2522·2 | 860·9 | 0·19 |
| Carbohydrate intake (% of energy) | 51·5 | 10·2 | 51·2 | 10·0 | 0·36 |
| Protein intake(% of energy) | 12·3 | 3·2 | 12·7 | 3·8 | 0·04 |
| Fat intake (% of energy) | 38·4 | 11·0 | 38·3 | 10·9 | 0·42 |
| Fibre intake (g/d) | 22·1 | 9·9 | 22·4 | 10·4 | 0·35 |
χ 2 Test for ordinal qualitative variables and t-test for continuous variables.