Table 1.

Participant Demographics

	Limited HL (N = 287)	Adequate HL (N = 1,246)	All Participants (N = 1,533)	P-value
Age, mean (SD)	60.7 (16.5)	60.6 (15.1)	60.7 (15.4)	0.943
Gender, n (%)
Male	109 (39.5%)	335 (27.3%)	444 (29.6%)	< 0.001
Female	163 (59.1%)	889 (72.6%)	1052(70.1%)
Prefer not to answer	4 (1.4%)	1 (0.08%)	5 (0.33%)
Race, n (%)
Caucasian	236 (86.1%)	1111 (91.5%)	1347 (90.5%)	0.053
African American	24 (8.8%)	63 (5.2%)	87 (5.8%)
American Indian or Alaskan Native	0 (0%)	3 (0.25%)	3 (0.20%)
Asian	4 (1.5%)	12 (0.99%)	16 (1.1%)
Arab	0 (0%)	1 (0.08%)	1 (0.07%)
Othera	2 (0.73%)	11 (0.91%)	13 (0.87%)
Prefer not to answer	8 (2.9%)	13 (1.1%)	21 (1.4%)
Ethnicity, n (%)
Hispanic	6 (2.2%)	25 (2.1%)	31 (2.1%)	0.017
Non-Hispanic	258 (95.2%)	1176 (97.3%)	1434 (96.9%)
Prefer not to answer	7 (2.6%)	8 (0.66%)	15 (1.0%)
Highest Level of Education, n (%)
Less than high school	8 (2.9%)	1 (0.08%)	9 (0.61%)	< 0.001
Some high school, no diploma	16 (5.9%)	13 (1.1%)	29 (2.0%)
General education development (GED)	12 (4.4%)	15 (1.2%)	27 (1.8%)
High school graduate	47 (17.2%)	99 (8.2%)	146 (9.8%)
Some college but no degree	63 (23.1%)	179 (14.7%)	242 (16.3%)
Associate degree—occupational/vocational	21 (7.7%)	57 (4.7%)	78 (5.2%)
Associate degree—academic program	13 (4.8%)	53 (4.4%)	66 (4.4%)
Bachelor's degree (e.g., BA, AB, BS)	63 (23.1%)	348 (28.7%)	411 (27.6%)
Master's degree (e.g., MA, MS, MEng, Med, MSW)	24 (8.8%)	298 (24.5%)	322 (21.7%)
Professional school degree (e.g., MD, DDS, DVM, JD)	3 (1.1%)	69 (5.7%)	72 (4.8%)
Doctorate degree (e.g., PhD, EdD)	3 (1.1%)	82 (6.8%)	85 (5.7%)
Health Insurance, n (%)
Yes	263 (96.7%)	1195 (98.8%)	1458 (98.4%)	0.010
No	9 (3.3%)	14 (1.2%)	23 (1.6%)

^aDefined as any race not represented in the discrete categories or more than one racial group identified