Table 3.
Associations of the oxidative balance score (OBS) with all-cause, cancer, cardiovascular, and other-cause mortality stratified by sex, age and prevalent chronic conditions in the SUN cohort (n = 18,561)
| Quartiles of oxidative balance score | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | p for trend | Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | p for trend | p for interaction | |||
| Sex | Men | Women | |||||||||||
| n (frequency) | 2169 | 1861 | 1782 | 1768 | 2918 | 2669 | 2673 | 2721 | |||||
| OBS range | 5–21 | 22–26 | 27–31 | 32–47 | 8–23 | 24–28 | 29–33 | 34–46 | |||||
| Person-years | 25,083 | 22,053 | 21,121 | 20,595 | 33,434 | 30,649 | 30,906 | 30,189 | |||||
| All-cause mortality | |||||||||||||
| Deaths | 95 | 91 | 79 | 48 | 27 | 35 | 27 | 19 | |||||
| Mortality rate/10000 person-years | 37.87 | 41.26 | 37.40 | 23.31 | 8.08 | 11.42 | 8.74 | 6.29 | |||||
| Crude model | 1 (Ref.) | 1.09 (0.82–1.45) | 0.97 (0.72–1.31) | 0.60 (0.42–0.85) | 0.006 | 1 (Ref.) | 1.40 (0.85–2.31) | 1.07 (0.63–1.82) | 0.76 (0.42–1.37) | 0.283 | 0.816 | ||
| Multivariable model | 1 (Ref.) | 1.18 (0.85–1.62) | 0.82 (0.56–1.19) | 0.45 (0.28–0.72) | 0.001 | 1 (Ref.) | 1.07 (0.61–1.87) | 0.67 (0.36–1.28) | 0.34 (0.15–0.77) | 0.005 | 0.070 | ||
| Age | < 60 Years | ≥ 60 Years | |||||||||||
| n (frequency) | 4710 | 4232 | 4927 | 3683 | 266 | 281 | 241 | 221 | |||||
| OBS range | 5–22 | 23–27 | 28–33 | 34–47 | 10–22 | 23–28 | 29–33 | 34–45 | |||||
| Person-years | 54,437 | 49,822 | 57,549 | 41,332 | 2854 | 2928 | 2612 | 2495 | |||||
| All-cause mortality | |||||||||||||
| Deaths | 73 | 69 | 63 | 24 | 59 | 68 | 46 | 19 | |||||
| Mortality rate/10000 person-years | 13.41 | 13.85 | 10.95 | 5.81 | 206.7 | 232.2 | 176.1 | 76.15 | |||||
| Crude model | 1 (Ref.) | 1.03 (0.74–1.43) | 0.81 (0.58–1.13) | 0.42 (0.27–0.67) | < 0.001 | 1 (Ref.) | 1.14 (0.80–1.61) | 0.79 (0.53–1.16) | 0.34 (0.20–0.58) | < 0.001 | 0.879 | ||
| Multivariable model | 1 (Ref.) | 1.06 (0.74–1.52) | 0.77 (0.51–1.17) | 0.41 (0.23–0.73) | 0.004 | 1 (Ref.) | 1.08 (0.71–1.64) | 0.65 (0.39–1.07) | 0.28 (0.14–0.57) | < 0.001 | 0.846 | ||
| Chronic Diseases | < 1 Chronic disease | ≥ 1 Chronic diseases | |||||||||||
| n (frequency) | 3448 | 3200 | 3665 | 2850 | 1528 | 1258 | 1313 | 1299 | |||||
| OBS range | 6–22 | 23–27 | 28–33 | 34–47 | 5–22 | 23–27 | 28–32 | 33–46 | |||||
| Person-years | 40,215 | 37,881 | 42,943 | 32,174 | 17,076 | 14,303 | 15,009 | 14,428 | |||||
| All-cause mortality | |||||||||||||
| Deaths | 46 | 40 | 31 | 13 | 86 | 84 | 80 | 41 | |||||
| Mortality rate/10000 person-years | 11.44 | 10.56 | 7.22 | 4.04 | 50.36 | 58.73 | 53.3 | 28.42 | |||||
| Crude model | 1 (Ref.) | 0.92 (0.60–1.40) | 0.62 (0.40–0.98) | 0.34 (0.19–0.64) | < 0.001 | 1 (Ref.) | 1.16 (0.86–1.57) | 1.04 (0.77–1.41) | 0.55 (0.38–0.80) | 0.004 | 0.275 | ||
| Multivariable model | 1 (Ref.) | 0.91 (0.57–1.46) | 0.62 (0.35–1.08) | 0.28 (0.13–0.63) | < 0.001 | 1 (Ref.) | 1.14 (0.82–1.60) | 0.83 (0.57–1.21) | 0.41 (0.25–0.68) | 0.001 | 0.393 | ||
Hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI)
Multivariable model: adjusted for age (underlying variable), family history of cardiovascular diseases (dichotomous), following special diet at baseline (dichotomous), marital status (married, single and others). Mediterranean adherence (continuous), prevalent cancer (dichotomous), prevalent depression (dichotomous), prevalent cardiovascular disease* (dichotomous), prevalent diabetes (dichotomous), prevalent dyslipidaemia (dichotomous), prevalent hypertension (dichotomous), sex (dichotomous), total energy intake (continuous), use of aspirin (dichotomous), years of higher education (continuous), and stratified by deciles of age and recruitment period (6 categories)
CVD cardiovascular disease, OBS oxidative balance score, Q quartile, ref. reference
*Prevalent cardiovascular disease was considered as having at least one of the following events before entering the cohort: aneurysm, angina pectoris, atrial fibrillation, cardiac insufficiency, coronary bypass, deep vein thrombosis, intermittent claudication, myocardial infarction, pulmonary embolism, stroke, or tachycardia