Table 1.

Alteration in gut microbiota profiles by bioactive compounds

Bioactive compound	Change in the composition of gut microbiome	Reference
Gallic acid	Reducing the counts of Bacteroides spp. and enhancement in the abundance of Atopobium spp.	Hidalgo et al. (2012)
Catechin	Simulate the growth of the C. coccoides–E. rectale group, Bifidobacterium spp. and E. coli, and repress the level of C. histolyticum group in in vitro batch-culture fermentation system	Tzounis et al. (2011)
Epicatechin	Increase in the counts of the C. coccoides–E. rectale group in in vitro batch-culture fermentation system	Tzounis et al. (2011)
Isoflavones	Enhancement in the abundance of C. coccoides-E. rectale cluster, F. prausnitzii subgroup, L.-Enterococcus group, and Bifidobacterium spp.	Clavel et al. (2005)
Quercetin	Increase in the abundance of Bacteroides, Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus, and Clostridia and a decrease in Fusobacterium and Enterococcus in mice	Lin et al. (2019)
Stilbene (resveratrol)	Increase in the counts of Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus during 20 days in the rats in vivo dietary intervention tests	Larrosa et al. (2009)
Malvidin-3-glucoside	Increase in the level of beneficial bacteria Bifidobacterium spp. and Lactobacillus spp.	Hidalgo et al. (2012)
Phloridzin	Elevate the adhesion of L. rhamnosus to Caco-2 cells	Parkar et al. (2008)
Astaxanthin	Increase in the abundance of Proteobacteria and Bacteroides in six-week-old male and female BCO2 knockout mice Increase in the abundance of Actinobacteria and Bifidobacterium in male genetic background C57BL/6 J mice	Lyu et al. (2018)
Eugenol	Increase in the population of Clostridales in mice	Wlodarska et al. (2015)
Curcumin	Increase in the population of Clostridium spp., Bacteroides spp., Citrobacter spp., Cronobacter spp., Enterobacter spp., Enterococcus spp., Klebsiella spp., Parabacteroides spp., and Pseudomonas spp. in human study	Peterson et al. (2018)