Table 2. Targeting immune mechanisms and therapeutic options in T2 and non-T2 inflammation.
| Target | Approach | Name | Company | Patients | Status/clinical phase | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| IgE | IgE (Cε3 domain-site involved in binding to FcRI) | Humanized IgG1 MoAb | Omalizumab | Novartis | Asthma Urticaria CRSwNP |
Approved |
| IgE (Cε3 domain) | Humanized MoAb | Ligelizumab | Novartis | Asthma Urticaria |
3 | |
| IgE (M1 segment) | Humanized MoAb | Quilizumab | Genentech | Asthma | 2 | |
| IgE (Cε3 domain) | Humanized MoAb | MEDI4212 | MedImmune LLC | Asthma | 1 | |
| CεmX domain of membrane-bound IgE | Humanized MoAb | FB825 | Oneness Biotech Co | Asthma | 2 | |
| IL-4/IL-13 | IL4Ra (subunit common to IL-4 and IL-13 receptors | Human MoAb | Dupilumab | Regeneron/Sanofi | atopic dermatitis asthma CRSwNP EoE |
Approved |
| IL-4+IL-13 receptors | Recombinant IL-4 variant | Pitrakinra | Aerovance | Atopic dermatitis asthma |
2 | |
| IL-4+IL-13 | 2 MoAbs (VAK694+dectrecumab) | QBX258 | Novartis | Asthma | 2 | |
| IL-4R | Suman IgG2 MoAb | AMG317 | Amgen | Asthma | 2 | |
| IL-4 | Humanized MoAb | Pascolizumab | GSK | Asthma | 3 | |
| IL-4 | Human MoAb | VAK694 | Novartis | Asthma, pollinosis | 2 | |
| IL-4 | Soluble recombinant IL-4R | Altrakincept | Amgen | Asthma | Terminated | |
| IL-13 | Humanized MoAb | Lebrikizumab | Lilly | Atopic dermatitis | 3 | |
| IL-13 | Human MoAb | Tralokinumab | LeoPharma | Atopic dermatitis | Approved | |
| IL-13 | Humanized MoAb | Anrukinzumab | Wyeth | Asthma | 2 | |
| IL-13 | Humanized MoAb | GSK679586 | GSK | Asthma | 2 | |
| IL-13 | Human MoAb | dectrecumab (QAX576) | Novartis | Eosinophilic esophagitis | 2 | |
| IL-13 receptor α1 subunit (IL-13Rα1) | Human MoAb | ASLAN 004 | Aslan Pharmaceuticals | Eczema | 1 | |
| IL-5 | IL-5 | Humanized IgG1 MoAb | Mepolizumab | GSK | Asthma, EGPA HES CRSwNP |
Approved |
| IL-5 | Humanized MoAb | Reslizumab | Teva | Asthma | Approved | |
| IL-5Ralpha | Humanized MoAb | Benralizumab | AstraZeneca | Asthma | Approved | |
| IL-5R | Long-acting MoAb | Depemokimab | GSK | Asthma | 3 | |
| Other molecules regulating T2 inflammation | TSLP | Humanized MoAb | Tezepelumab | AstraZeneca/Amgen | Asthma | Approved |
| TSLP | Neutralizing antibody fragment (inhaled form) | CSJ117 | Novartis | Asthma | 2b | |
| TSLP receptor | Human MoAb | ASP7266 | Upstream Bio | Asthma | 1 | |
| IL-33 | MoAb | Tozorakimab/MEDI3506 | AstraZeneca | Asthma | 2 | |
| IL-33 | Human MoAb | Itepekimab | Regeneron/Sanofi | Asthma | 2 | |
| ST2 (IL-33R) | MoAb | Astegolimab | Hoffmann-La Roche | Asthma | 2b | |
| IL-33R | MoAb | Melrilimab (GSK3772847) | GSK | Healthy subjects | 1 | |
| IL-25 | MoAb | ABM125 | Abeome | Asthma | 1/2 | |
| Tryptase tetramers | MoAb | MTPS9579A | Roche/Genetech | Astma | 2a | |
| CRTh2(PGD2 receptor) | Antagonist (small molecule) | Fevipiprant QAW039) | Novartis | Asthma | Terminated | |
| CRTh2(PGD2 receptor) | Antagonist (small molecule) | Setipiprant | Actelion | Asthma | 2 | |
| IL-9 | Humanized MoAb | Enokizumab | AstraZeneca/MedImmune | Asthma | 2 | |
| IL-22 | Human MoAb | Fezakinumab | Rockefeller University | Atopic dermatitis | 2 | |
| IL-31 | Humanized MoAb | Nemolizumab | Galderma | Atopic dermatitis | 3 | |
| CCR3 (eotaxin receptor) | Inhibitor (small molecule) | GW766944 | Glaxo | Asthma | 2 | |
| Singlec 8 | Humanized MoAb | Lirentelimab | Allakos Inc. | Atopic dermatitis Eosinophilic esophagitis and Duodenitis |
2, 3 | |
| Potential targets in non T2 inflammation | IL-17 | Humanized MoAb | Secukinumab | Novartis | Asthma | Terminated, * |
| IL-17RA | Human MoAb | Brodalumab | Amgen | Asthma | Terminated | |
| C5 | Humanized MoAb | Eculizumab | Alexion | Asthma | 2 | |
| CXCR2 | Receptor antagonist (small molecule) | AZD5069 | AstraZeneca | Asthma | 2 | |
| CXCR1/2 | Receptor antagonist (small molecule) | SCH527123 | MSD | Asthma | 2 | |
| IL-6 | Humanized MoAb | Tocilizumab | Roche | Asthma | Small proof‐of‐concept clinical trial, * | |
| IL-1 | rIL-1 receptor antagonist | Anakinra | Sobi | Asthma | 2, * | |
| IL-1 alpha | Human MoAb | Bermekimab | Janssen | Atopic dermatitis | 2b | |
| Reactive aldehyde species (RASP) | RASP inhibitor (small molecule) | ADX-629 | Aldeyra | Asthma | 2 | |
| TNF | TNFR:Fc | Etanercept | Sobi | Asthma | 2, * | |
| TNF | Chimeric MoAb | Infliximab | MSD | Asthma | 2, * | |
| TNF | Human MoAb | Golimumab | Centocor | Asthma | 2, * | |
*Other indications have been previously approved (within rheumatology; inflammatory bowel disease, psoriasis, autoinflammatory diseases, etc.)