Table 1.
Baseline demographics and clinical characteristics.
| Total non–disclosed | Control subset | Intervention subset | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variable | n | Mean ±SD or median (IQR) or n (%) (n = 130) | Mean ±SD or median (IQR) or n (%) (n = 70) | Mean ±SD or median (IQR) or n (%) (n = 60) | P | |
| Age (years) | 130 | 11.42 (9.60–13.24) | 11.56 (9.42–13.70) | 11.33 (9.73–12.93) | 0.2643d | |
| Male | 130 | 59 (45.38%) | 28 (40.00%) | 31 (51.67%) | 0.1829a | |
| Attend school | 128 | 127 (99.22%) | 68 (98.55%) | 59 (100%) | 1.000b | |
| Parent dead (at least one) | 130 | 60 (46.15%) | 36 (51.43%) | 24 (40.00%) | 0.1926a | |
| Orphaned (both parents dead) | 130 | 24 (18.46%) | 16 (22.86%) | 8 (13.33%) | 0.1629a | |
| Sibling with HIV | 121 | 23 (19.01%) | 14 (21.21%) | 9 (16.36%) | 0.4985a | |
| WHO Clinical Stage | 128 | 0.3384b | ||||
| 1 | 39 (30.47%) | 24 (35.29%) | 15 (25.00%) | |||
| 2 | 37 (28.91%) | 21 (30.88%) | 16 (26.67%) | |||
| 3 | 48 (37.50%) | 22 (32.35%) | 26 (43.33%) | |||
| 4 | 4 (3.13%) | 1 (1.47%) | 3 (5.00%) | |||
| Tribe | 129 | < 0.0001b | ||||
| Kalenjin | 34 (26.36%) | 10 (14.49%) | 24 (40.00%) | |||
| Kikuyu | 22 (17.05%) | 5 (7.25%) | 17 (28.33%) | |||
| Luhya | 43 (33.33%) | 31 (44.93%) | 12 (20.00%) | |||
| Luo | 25 (19.38%) | 20 (28.99%) | 5 (8.33%) | |||
| Other | 5 (3.88%) | 3 (4.35%) | 2 (3.33%) | |||
| On ART | 130 | 110 (84.62%) | 57 (81.43%) | 53 (88.33%) | 0.2767a | |
| Duration on ART (years) | 119 | 4.37 ± 2.36 | 4.12 ± 2.29 | 4.67 ± 2.42 | 0.2040c | |
| Regimen | 83 | 0.4653b | ||||
| First Line | 75 (90.36%) | 41 (93.18%) | 34 (87.18%) | |||
| Second Line | 8 (9.64%) | 3 (6.82%) | 5 (12.82%) | |||
| CD4+ percentage | 115 | 27.0 (16.0–38.0) | 29.0 (18.0–40.0) | 26.0 (14.0–38.0) | 0.2206d | |
| BMI–for–age Z scores | 92 | −0.77 ± 1.11 | −0.66 ± 1.08 | −0.90 ± 1.13 | 0.3061c | |
| Height–for–age Z scores | 92 | −1.55 ± 1.32 | −1.39 ± 1.37 | −1.72 ± 1.25 | 0.2397c | |
| PHQ−9 scores | 130 | 0.4240a | ||||
| No depressive symptoms | 44 (33.85%) | 23 (32.86%) | 21 (35.00%) | |||
| Minimal depressive symptoms | 59 (45.38%) | 35 (50.00%) | 24 (40.00%) | |||
| Mild to moderately severe depression | 27 (20.77%) | 12 (17.14%) | 15 (25.00%) | |||
| SDQ scores | 130 | 0.1280a | ||||
| Normal | 100 (68.49%) | 50 (71.43%) | 39 (65.00%) | |||
| Borderline | 29 (19.86%) | 16 (22.86%) | 11 (18.33%) | |||
| Abnormal | 17 (11.64%) | 4 (5.71%) | 10 (16.67%) | |||
| Caregiver | 130 | |||||
| Mother | 86 (58.90%) | 41 (58.57%) | 34 (56.67%) | 0.9522a | ||
| Father | 24 (18.46%) | 13 (18.57%) | 11 (18.33%) | 0.9722a | ||
| Sibling | 7 (5.38%) | 3 (4.29%) | 4 (6.67%) | 0.7030b | ||
| Grandparent | 16 (12.31%) | 10 (14.29%) | 6 (10.00%) | 0.4584a | ||
| Aunt/Uncle | 25 (19.23%) | 12 (17.14%) | 13 (21.67%) | 0.5141a | ||
| Other | 5 (3.85%) | 4 (5.71%) | 1 (1.67%) | 0.3728b |
ART, antiretroviral therapy. aPearson's Chi-square test. bFisher's exact test. cTwo-sample t-test. dTwo-sample Wilcoxon rank-sum test.