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. 2023 Mar 7;13:373–385. doi: 10.1016/j.aninu.2023.03.001

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© 2023 The Authors. Publishing services by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of KeAi Communications Co. Ltd.

This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

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Fig. 4 — Free long-chain fatty acid metabolism in cells. Free long-chain fatty acids in the circulation are taken up by cells via membrane-associated fatty acid-binding proteins (CD36, FATP, and FABPpm). Activated fatty acids (fatty acyl-CoA) are mainly “metabolized” by one of two pathways, β-oxidation in mitochondria or storage in the form of synthetic TAG. There are two pathways of TAG synthesis. The MGAT pathway occurs mainly in small intestinal enterocytes, and the G3P pathway occurs mainly in skeletal cells and hepatocytes. LCFA = long-chain fatty acids; FATP = fatty acid transport proteins; CD36 = FAT = fatty acid translocase; FABPpm = plasma membrane-associated fatty acid-binding protein; CPT1 = carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1; G3P = glycerol-3-phosphate; GPAT = glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase; LPA = lysophosphatidate; AGPAT = acylglycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase; PA = phospholipic acid; DAG = diacylglycerol; PAP = phosphatidic acid phosphatases; DAGT = diacylglycerol acyltransferases; MAG = monoacylglycerol; MGAT = monoacylglycerol acyl transferase; TAG = triglyceride.