Table 1.
Factors associated with parent–child conflict (N = 553).
| Frequency (%) | Univariable analysis | Multivariable analysis | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Score 12–47 (n = 275) | Score 48 (n = 278) | p-value | Score 12–47 vs. score 48 OR (95% CI) | ||
| Socio demographic characteristics | |||||
| Age group (years) | |||||
| 28–49 | 122 (22.1) | 96 (78.7) | 26 (21.3) | p < 0.001 | 1.84 (0.86–3.95) |
| 50–59 | 345 (62.4) | 115 (33.3) | 230 (66.7) | 0.34 (0.19–0.63)** | |
| 60–72 | 86 (15.6) | 64 (74.4) | 22 (25.6) | Reference | |
| Gender | |||||
| Male | 276 (49.9) | 130 (47.1) | 146 (52.9) | 0.234 | |
| Female | 277 (50.1) | 145 (52.3) | 132 (47.7) | ||
| Ethnicity | |||||
| Malay | 354 (64.0) | 220 (62.1) | 134 (37.9) | p < 0.001 | 3.92 (2.14–7.19)*** |
| Chinese | 58 (10.5) | 30 (51.7) | 28 (48.3) | 3.87 (1.74–8.64)** | |
| Indian | 140 (25.3) | 25 (17.9) | 115 (82.1) | Reference | |
| Other | 1 (0.2) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (100.0) | – | |
| Marital status | |||||
| Married | 507 (91.7) | 266 (52.5) | 241 (47.5) | p < 0.001 | 3.18 (1.30–7.75)* |
| Widowed/ Divorced/ Separated | 46 (8.3) | 9 (19.6) | 37 (80.4) | Reference | |
| Occupational type | |||||
| Professional and managerial | 45 (8.1) | 31 (68.9) | 14 (31.1) | p < 0.001 | 0.61 (0.26–1.47) |
| Skilled worker | 239 (43.2) | 80 (33.5) | 159 (66.5) | 0.46 (0.27–0.77)** | |
| Unskilled worker | 117 (21.2) | 75 (64.1) | 42 (35.9) | 1.45 (0.79–2.65) | |
| Retired/ Unemployed/ Housewife | 152 (27.5) | 89 (58.6) | 63 (41.4) | Reference | |
| Average monthly household income (MYR) | |||||
| 2000 and below | 58 (10.5) | 38 (65.5) | 20 (34.5) | 0.027 | 0.61 (0.26–1.47) |
| 2001–3,000 | 321 (58.0) | 149 (46.4) | 172 (53.6) | 0.82 (0.49–1.37) | |
| 3,001–5,000 | 174 (31.5) | 88 (50.6) | 86 (49.4) | Reference | |
| Residence area | |||||
| Urban | 535 (96.7) | 260 (48.6) | 275 (51.4) | 0.004 | Reference |
| Sub-urban | 18 (3.3) | 15 (83.3) | 3 (16.7) | 2.61 (0.62–11.02) | |
| Lifestyle | |||||
| Doing physical exercises in the past 3 months | |||||
| Never/Seldom | 185 (33.5) | 141 (76.2) | 44 (23.8) | p < 0.001 | 2.73 (1.49–5.01)** |
| Sometimes/ | 368 (66.5) | 134 (36.4) | 234 (63.6) | Reference | |
| Often | |||||
| Practising healthy eating in the past 3 months | |||||
| Never/Seldom | 162 (29.3) | 123 (75.9) | 39 (24.1) | p < 0.001 | 1.30 (0.68–2.48) |
| Sometimes/ | 391 (70.7) | 152 (38.9) | 239 (61.1) | Reference | |
| Often | |||||
| Have enough sleep in a week in the past 3 months | |||||
| Never/Seldom | 136 (24.6) | 104 (76.5) | 32 (23.5) | p < 0.001 | 1.85 (1.00–3.42)* |
| Sometimes/Often | 417 (75.4) | 171 (41.0) | 246 (59.0) | Reference | |
*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, Hosmer–Lemeshow test, chi-square: 37.603, p < 0.001, Nagelkerke R2: 0.452.