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. 2023 May 5;4:1140778. doi: 10.3389/fpain.2023.1140778

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Theoretical model of positive psychological well-being (PPWB) demonstrating the pathways through which gratitude is related to depression. This model proposes that increased gratitude directly influences sleep disturbance and TNF-α as well as indirectly through social support and stress. [PPWB Model by Boehm and Kubzansky (2012) adapted with permission].