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. 2023 May 5;4:1140778. doi: 10.3389/fpain.2023.1140778

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© 2023 Makhoul and Bartley.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Serial mediation of perceived stress and TNF-α. (A) Path diagram showing the total effect of gratitude on depression. (B) Serial mediation model of the direct and indirect effects of gratitude on depression through perceived stress and TNF-α. *p < 0.05 is statistically significant.