Table 1.
Sample demographics and descriptive statistics of study measures.
| Variable | N (%) | Mean (SD) |
|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 68.1 (7.0) | |
| Sex | ||
| Male | 26 (43.3) | |
| Race | ||
| White | 42 (70.0) | |
| Black | 12 (20.0) | |
| Other | 6 (10.0) | |
| Education | ||
| ≤High school diploma | 13 (21.7) | |
| Some college/technical degree | 17 (28.3) | |
| College degree | 18 (30.0) | |
| Graduate/professional | 12 (20.0) | |
| Marital status | ||
| Not married | 29 (48.3) | |
| Employment | ||
| Employed | 9 (15.0) | |
| Income | ||
| <$20,000 | 21 (36.8) | |
| $20,000–39,999 | 10 (17.5) | |
| $40,000–59,999 | 11 (19.3) | |
| $60,000–99,999 | 8 (14.0) | |
| ≥$100,000 | 7 (12.3) | |
| Back pain duration (years) | 16.4 (14.2) | |
| Body mass index (BMI) | 29.3 (5.8) | |
| Study Measures | ||
| GQ-6 | 35.4 (6.8) | |
| PROMIS-Emotional support | 31.0 (8.3) | |
| PROMIS-Sleep disturbance | 20.6 (8.2) | |
| PROMIS-Depression | 13.1 (5.9) | |
| PSS | 13.6 (7.9) | |
| TNF-α (pg/ml) | 6.5 (2.2) | |
GQ, Gratitude Questionnaire; PROMIS, Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System; PSS, Perceived Stress Scale; TNF, Tumor Necrosis Factor.