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. 2023 May 5;4:1140778. doi: 10.3389/fpain.2023.1140778

Table 2.

Zero-Order correlations among study variables.

Variable 1 2 3 4 5 6
Age 0.07 0.08 0.25 −0.43** 0.33* −0.31*
Sex −0.18 0.17 0.06 −0.12 0.23 −0.10
Race −0.10 0.11 0.18 0.08 0.03 0.02
Education 0.10 0.15 −0.19 −0.02 −0.12 0.11
Marital status −0.17 −0.47** 0.36** 0.37** 0.07 0.31*
Income 0.27* 0.28* −0.23 −0.22 0.11 −0.22
Back pain duration 0.03 0.13 −0.06 −0.14 0.01 −0.15
Body Mass Index −0.13 −0.18 0.24 0.08 −0.06 0.21
1. GQ-6 1 0.39** −0.38** −0.40** 0.13 −0.41**
2. PROMIS-Emotional support 1 −0.43** −0.49** 0.06 −0.66**
3. PROMIS-Sleep disturbance 1 0.55** −0.14 0.62**
4. PSS 1 −0.08 0.78**
5. TNF-α 1 −0.20
6. PROMIS-Depression 1

Sex coded: 0 = female, 1 = male; Race coded: 0 = NHW, 1 = NHB; Education coded: 0 = ≤high school degree, 1 = > high school degree; Marital status coded: 0 = married, 1 = not married; Income coded: 0 = <$20,000, 1 = ≥$20,000. GQ, Gratitude Questionnaire; PROMIS, Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System; PSS, Perceived Stress Scale; TNF, Tumor Necrosis Factor.

*

p < 0.05.

**

p < 0.01.