Table 5.
Direct and indirect effects between gratitude and depression through perceived stress and sleep disturbance.
| Path | Estimate | 95% CI | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Lower | Upper | ||
| Total effect (c) | −0.3143* | −0.5170 | −0.1117 |
| Direct effect (c′) | −0.0518 | −0.2070 | 0.1035 |
| a 1 (Gratitude → Perceived Stress) | −0.3973* | −0.6515 | −0.1430 |
| a 2 (Gratitude → Sleep Disturbance) | −0.2262 | −0.5147 | 0.0623 |
| b 1 (Perceived Stress → Sleep Disturbance) | 0.4149* | 0.1347 | 0.6951 |
| b 2 (Perceived Stress → Depression) | 0.4670* | 0.3081 | 0.6259 |
| d 1 (Sleep Disturbance→ Depression) | 0.1970* | 0.0547 | 0.3393 |
| Indirect effects | |||
| a 1 b 2 | −0.1855 | −0.3735 | −0.0375 |
| a 2 d 1 | −0.0446 | −0.1316 | 0.0081 |
| a 1 b 1 d 1 | −0.0325 | −0.0970 | −0.0020 |
| Total indirect effect | −0.2626 | −0.5008 | −0.0858 |
*
p < 0.05 is statistically significant.