Table 1.
Characteristics of all studies investigating risk factors for the development of early-onset (<50 years of age) colorectal cancer.
| First Author (year) |
Study Type | Age at Diagnosis of EOCRC | Sample Size (cases) |
Location | Sex | Outcome | Risk Factors Identified | Population Selection |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Puzzono 2022 (22) | case-control (2018–2021) | 18-49 | 60 | Italy | All | CRC | family history, processed meat, dairy products, smoking | third-level academic hospital in Milan |
| Nguyen 2022 (23) | case-control (2006-2016) | <50 | 2557 | Sweden | All | CRC | antibiotics | The Swedish National Board of Health and Welfare and Epidemiology Strengthened by histoPathology Reports in Sweden(ESPRESSO) |
| McDowell 2022 (24) | case-control(1999-2011) | <50 | 445 | Scotland | All | CRC, colon cancer, rectal cancer | antibiotics | population-based, Primary Care Clinical Information Unit Research (PCCIUR) database |
| Li 2022 (25) | case-control(2003-2020) | <50 | 339 | Germany | All | CRC, colon cancer, rectal cancer | obesity | population-based,Chancen der Verhütung durch Screening(DACHS) |
| Jin 2022 (26) | cohort (2009-2010) |
<50 | 8320 | South Korean | All | CRC | MetS, obesity | population-based,National Health Insurance Service (NHIS) |
| Pang 2022 (27) | cohort (2014-2019) |
<50 | 621 | Canada | All | Colorectal Adenomas | age, female, BMI, undergone a diagnostic colonoscopy | Hospital-based |
| Danial 2022 (28) | case-control(1999-2019) | 20-50 | 13800 | The United States | All | CRC | family history, primary malignant neoplasm of breast, IBD, alcohol consumption, smoking, obesity, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, Caucasians | population-based, commercial database (Explorys) |
| Archambault 2021 (29) | case-control (1990s- 2010s) |
<50 | 3767 | European | All | CRC, colon cancer, rectal cancer | Family history, red meat, processed meat, smoking, alcohol consumption, Sedentary, diabetes | population-based,the Colon Cancer Family Registry, the Colorectal Transdisciplinary study, and the Genetics and Epidemiology of Colorectal Cancer Consortium |
| Kim 2021 (30) | cohort (1991-2015) |
25-42 | 111 | The United States | F | CRC | vitamin D | Nurses’ Health Study II |
| Zheng 2021 (31) | cohort (1991-2011) |
25-42 | 1153 | The United States | F | adenoma, distal colon and rectum | Western diet | Nurses’ Health Study II |
| Yue 2021 (32) | cohort (1991-2015) |
26-45 | 332 | The United States | F | CRC | empirical dietary index for hyperinsulinemia (EDIH), empirical lifestyle index for hyperinsulinemia (ELIH), Hyperinsulinemia dietary, lifestyle patterns | Nurses’ Health Study II |
| Schumacher 2021 (33) | case-control(2008-2018) | 15-49 | 1032 | Kaiser Permanente Southern California (KPSC) | All | colorectal adenocarcinoma | obesity | population-based, Kaiser Permanente Southern California (KPSC) |
| Nguyen 2021 (34) | cohort (1991-2015) |
25-42 | 2911 | The United States | F | adenoma | sulfur microbial diet | Nurses’ Health Study II |
| Joh 2021 (35) | cohort (1999-2015) |
25-42 | 4364 | The United States | F | adenomas | High sugar, sugar-sweetened beverage |
Nurses’ Health Study II |
| Chen 2021 (36) | case-control (2006-2015) | 18-49 | 4673 | The United States | All | CRC, colon cancer (proximal and distal), rectal cancer | MetS | MarketScan databases |
| Hur 2021 (37) | cohort (1991-2015) |
25-42 | 109 | The United States | F | CRC | sugar-sweetened beverage | Nurses’ Health Study II |
| Chang 2021 (38) | case-control (2018-2019) | 20–49 | 175 | Canada | All | CRC | family history, sedentary, sugar-sweetened beverage, Westernized dietary pattern | population-based, Ontario Cancer Registry (OCR) |
| Demb 2020 (39) | cohort (1999-2016) |
18-49 | 47 800 | The United States | All | CRC | iron-deficiency anaemia, haematochezia | Veterans Health Administration (VHA) |
| Dash 2020 (40) | cohort (1995-2013) |
<50 | 113 | The United States | F | CRC | Obesity | Black Women's Health Study |
| Low 2020 (13) | case-control(1999-2014) | 18–49 | 651 | The United States | All | CRC | male, smoking, non-aspirin users, lower BMIs, weight loss of 5 kg or more |
Veteran’s Health Administration (VHA) |
| Gausman 2020 (41) | case-control(2011-2017) | 18–49 | 269 | New York City | All | CRC | male, IBD, family history, obesity, smoking, diabetes, | Hospital-based |
| L'Heureux 2019 (42) | case-control (2008-2013) | <51 | 8623 | Taiwan | All | CRC, colon cancer, rectal cancer | hypothyroidism | population-based, Taiwanese National Health Insurance Research Database |
| Liu 2019 (43) | cohort (1991-2011) |
25-42 | 114 | The United States | F | CRC, colon cancer, rectal cancer | obese | Nurses’ Health Study II |
| Syed 2019 (44) | cohort (2012-2016) |
25-49 | 5710 | The United States | NR | CRC | male, Caucasian, abdominal pain, rectal pain, altered bowel function, rectal bleeding, weight loss, family history, gastrointestinal malignancy, polyps, smoking, alcohol consumption, presence of colitis, obesity | population-based, commercial database (Explorys) |
| Glover 2019 (15) | cohort (2013-2018) |
20-39 | 1700 | The United States | All | CRC | Caucasian, male, diabetes, smoking, obesity | population-based, commercial database (Explorys) |
| Nguyen 2018 (45) | cohort (1991-2011) |
25–42 | 118 | The United States | F | CRC, colon cancer, rectal cancer | Sedentary TV viewing time | Nurses’ Health Study II |
| Levi 2017 (46) | cohort (1967-2010) |
16-19 | 1089 | Israel | M | CRC | Overweight, obesity | Israeli National Cancer Registry (INCR) database |
| Kwak 2016 (21) | cohort (2011-2013) |
20-39 | 497 | Korea | All | colorectal adenoma | smoking, alcohol consumption | Hospital-based |
| Wu 2013 (47) | cohort (2004-2005) |
< 50 | 36 | Taiwan | All | CRC | the chronic kidney disease patients not undergoing dialysis | Health Insurance Database 2005 |
| Søndergaard 2013 (48) | cohort (1978-2009) |
<45 | 1789 | Denmark | NR | CRC | low education | data from the Central Population Register |
| Rosato 2013 (49) | case-control (1985-2009) | <45 | 329 | Italy and Switzerland | All | CRC | family history, alcohol, processed meat | Hospital-based |
| Ghadirian 1998 (50) | case-control (1989-1993) | <50 | 118 | Canada | All | Colon cancer | ever married, family history, constipation, use of laxatives | Hospital-based |
| Negri 1998 (51) | case-control (1992-1996) | <45 | 145 | Italy | All | CRC, colon cancer, rectal cancer | family history | Hospital-based |
| Fuchs 1994 (52) | cohort (1989-1992) |
<50 | 13 | The United States | F | CRC | family history | The Nurses' Health Study and The Health Professionals Follow-up Study. |
| St John 1993 (53) | case-control (1952-1985) | <45 | 82 | Australia | All | CRC | family history | family medical hospital |
| Peter 1989 (54) | case-control (1974-1982) | <45 | 147 | United States-LA County | M | CRC, stratified (right-sided, traverse/descending, sigmoid, rectum) | fumes, wood, metal dust, deep fried foods, barbecued, alcohol consumption, smoking, smoked meats | Hospital-based |
CRC, colorectal cancer; MetS, metabolic syndrome; BMI, body mass index; F, female; M, male; IBD, inflammatory bowel disease.