TABLE 3.
Nutrient-myelin associations by age1 for the children studied
| Nutrients | Window 1 (N = 56) | Window 2 (N = 20) | Window 3 (N = 35) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Macronutrients | Carbohydrate, protein, dietary fiber, total fat | Carbohydrate | Carbohydrate, protein |
| Micronutrients (vitamins) | Vitamin E as α-tocopherol, folic acid2, folate3, food folate4, niacin, retinol, β-cryptoxanthin, vitamin A, thiamine, vitamin B-12, riboflavin, vitamin B-6, vitamin C, vitamin D, vitamin K, choline | — | Retinol, vitamin C, choline |
| Micronutrients (minerals) | Calcium, iron, magnesium, phosphorus, potassium, selenium, zinc | — | — |
| Other compounds | Gangliosides, oligofructose, sphingomyelin, lycopene, theobromine, cholesterol | Sphingomyelin | Gangliosides, oligofructose, sphingomyelin |
| Fatty acids | Hexadecenoic (palmitoleic, 16:1), octadecenoic (Oleic, 18:1), docosenoic (erucic, 22:1), total monounsaturated fatty acids, octadecadienoic (linoleic, 18:2), octadecatrienoic (α-linolenic acid, 18:3), eicosatetraenoic (eta, 20:4), docosapentaenoic (DPA, 22:5), docosahexaenoic (DHA, 22:6), Total polyunsaturated fatty acids, butanoic acid (4:0), hexanoic acid (6:0), octanoic acid (8:0), decanoic acid (10:0), dodecanoic acid (12:0), tetradecanoic (14:0), hexadecanoic (16:0), octadecanoic (18:0), total saturated fatty acids | Eicosatetraenoic (ETA, 20:4), docosapentaenoic (DPA, 22:5) | Hexadecenoic (palmitoleic, 16:1), eicosenoic (20:1), octadecatetraenoic (18:4), eicosatetraenoic (ETA, 20:4), eicosapentaenoic (EPA, 20:5), docosapentaenoic (DPA, 22:5), docosahexaenoic (DHA, 22:6), total polyunsaturated fatty acids |
| Phospholipids | Phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylserine, phosphatidylethanolamine | Phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylinositol | Phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylserine, phosphatidylethanolamine |
| Amino acids | — | Alanine, aspartic acid, cysteine, glutamic acid, glycine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, proline, serine, tyrosine, valine | Alanine, aspartic acid, cysteine, glutamic acid, glycine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, proline, serine, threonine, tyrosine, valine |
1
Age window 1 from 6 to 20 mo, window 2 from 20 to 30 mo, and window 3 from 30 to 60 mo.
2
Folic acid is the fully oxidized monoglutamate form of the vitamin that is used in fortified foods and most dietary supplements.
3
Folate is the generic term for naturally occurring food folates and folates in dietary supplements and fortified foods, including folic acid.
4
Food folates naturally occur in food and are in the tetrahydrofolate form and usually have additional glutamate residues, making them polyglutamates.