TABLE 5.
Nutrientintake ranges and medians for nutrient intakes per age window for the children studied
| Nutrients | Window 1 nutrient intake (N = 56) (6–20 mo) |
Window 2 nutrient intake (N = 20) (20–30 mo) |
Window 3 nutrient intake (N = 35) (30–60 mo) |
Dietary reference intakes or adequate intake |
||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| min | max | median | min | max | median | min | max | median | EAR | AI | UL | |
| Macronutrients | ||||||||||||
| Carbohydrates (g/d) 4 | 25.9 | 255 | 133 | 71.9 | 287 | 178 | 3.1 | 296 | 156 | 1002 | 951 | — |
| Protein (g/d) 4 | 1 | 108 | 37.2 | — | — | — | 0.5 | 82 | 45.1 | — | — | — |
| Total fat (g/d) 4 | 8.8 | 81.3 | 35.3 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 301 | — |
| Dietary Fiber (g/d) 4 | 0.3 | 22.7 | 7.8 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 193 | — |
| Micronutrients (vitamins) | ||||||||||||
| Vitamin E α- tocopherol (mg/d) 5 | 1.3 | 10.6 | 3.9 | — | — | — | — | — | — | 52 | 51 | 2002 |
| Folic acid (μg/d) | 0.9 | 296 | 97.3 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Folate, DFE (μg/d) | 20.9 | 805 | 306 | — | — | — | — | — | — | 1202 | 801 | |
| Food folate (μg/d) | 3.5 | 300 | 132 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Niacin (mg/d) 6 | 0.2 | 45.9 | 11.9 | — | — | — | — | — | — | 52 | 41 | — |
| Retinol (mg/d) | 16.7 | 783 | 330 | — | — | — | 0 | 1000 | 342 | — | — | — |
| β-Cryptoxanthin (mg/d) | 0 | 644 | 48.2 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Vitamin A, RAE (mg/d) 7 | 30.6 | 2600 | 399 | — | — | — | — | — | — | 2102 | 5001 | — |
| Thiamine (mg/d) 6 | 0 | 1.7 | 0.8 | — | — | — | — | — | — | 0.42 | 0.31 | — |
| Vitamin B-12 (μg/d) 6 | 0.1 | 6.2 | 2.2 | — | — | — | — | — | — | 0.72 | 0.51 | — |
| Riboflavin (mg/d) 6 | 0.3 | 2.6 | 1.3 | — | — | — | — | — | — | 0.42 | 0.41 | — |
| Vitamin B-6 (mg/d) 6 | 0.2 | 4 | 0.9 | — | — | — | — | — | — | 0.42 | 0.31 | — |
| Vitamin C (mg/d) 5 | 0.9 | 154 | 45.4 | — | — | — | 0 | 116 | 31.9 | 132/223 | 501 | 4002/6503 |
| Vitamin D (μg/d) 8 | 0 | 11.5 | 3.4 | — | — | — | — | — | — | 102 | 101 | 381/632 |
| Vitamin K (mg/d) 7 | 0.2 | 443 | 32.9 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 2.51/302 | — |
| Choline (mg/d) 7 | 0 | 6.6 | 1.9 | — | — | — | 0 | 8.1 | 2.8 | — | 1501/2002/2503 | 12,3 |
| Micronutrients (minerals) | ||||||||||||
| Calcium (mg/d) 8 | 76.9 | 1100 | 667 | — | — | — | — | — | — | 5002 | 2601 | 15001/25002 |
| Iron (mg/d) 7 | 0.6 | 23 | 8.2 | — | — | — | — | — | — | 6.91/32 | — | 40 1,2 |
| Magnesium (mg/d) 8 | 33.2 | 295 | 143 | — | — | — | — | — | — | 652 | 751 | 652 |
| Phosphorus (mg/d) 8 | 164 | 1350 | 731 | — | — | — | — | — | — | 3802 | 2751 | 30002 |
| Potassium (mg/d) 9 | 131 | 3270 | 1270 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 7001/30002 | — |
| Selenium (mg/d) 5 | 6.2 | 150 | 51.6 | — | — | — | — | — | — | 172 | 201 | 601/902 |
| Zinc (mg/d) 7 | 0.2 | 13 | 6 | — | — | — | — | — | — | 2.51,2 | — | 51/72 |
| Other compounds | ||||||||||||
| Gangliosides (mg/d) | 0 | 8.6 | 0.4 | — | — | — | 0.1 | 13 | 2.3 | — | — | — |
| Oligofructose (g/d) | 0 | 25 | 0.4 | — | — | — | 0 | 25.9 | 2.4 | — | — | — |
| Lycopene (mg/d) | 0 | 13.1 | 1.6 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Cholesterol (mg/d) | 0 | 404 | 94.6 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Sphingomyelin (mg/d) | 0 | 18.5 | 2.4 | 0 | 43.9 | 3.2 | 0.1 | 76.6 | 5.2 | — | — | — |
| Fatty acids | ||||||||||||
| Hexadecenoic acid (Palmitoleic, 16:1) (g/d) | 0 | 1.1 | 0.5 | — | — | — | 0 | 1.5 | 0.4 | — | — | — |
| Eicosenoic acid (20:1) (g/d) | — | — | — | — | — | — | 0 | 0.5 | 0.1 | — | — | — |
| Octadecenoic acid (Oleic 18:1) (g/d) | 1.1 | 23.8 | 12.5 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Docosenoic Erucic 22:1) (g/d) | 0 | 0.1 | 0 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Total Monounsaturated fatty acids (g/d) | 1.1 | 24.2 | 11.7 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Octadecadienoic acid (Linoleic, 18:2) (g/d) | 0.1 | 19.3 | 5.6 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 4.61/72/103 | — |
| Octadecatrienoic acid (α-linolenic acid 18:3) (g/d) | 0.1 | 1.9 | 0.8 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 0.51/0.72/0.93 | — |
| Octadecatetraenoic (18:4) (g/d) | — | — | — | — | — | — | 0 | 0.1 | 0 | — | — | — |
| Eicosatetraenoic acid (ETA, 20:4) (g/d) | 0 | 0.3 | 0.1 | 0 | 0.3 | 0.1 | 0 | 0.2 | 0.1 | — | — | — |
| Eicosapentaenoic (EPA 20:5) (g/d) | — | — | — | — | — | — | 0 | 0.1 | 0 | — | — | — |
| Docosapentaenoic acid (DPA 22:5) (g/d) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | — | — | — |
| Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6) (g/d) | 0 | 0.2 | 0 | — | — | — | 0 | 0.3 | 0 | — | — | — |
| Total polyunsaturated fatty acids (g/d) | 1.3 | 21.8 | 7 | — | — | — | 0.2 | 22.7 | 10.6 | — | — | — |
| Butanoic acid (4:0) (g/d) | 0 | 1.1 | 0.3 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Hexanoic acid (6:0) (g/d) | 0 | 0.6 | 0.3 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Octanoic acid (8:0) (g/d) | 0 | 2.2 | 0.2 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Decanoic acid (10:0) (g/d) | 0 | 1.2 | 0.3 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Dodecanoic acid (12:0) (g/d) | 0 | 5 | 0.6 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Tetradecanoic acid (14:0) (g/d) | 0.2 | 3.3 | 1.4 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Hexadecanoic acid (16:0) (g/d) | 0.6 | 16.4 | 6 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Octadecanoic acid (18:0) (g/d) | 0.3 | 8.2 | 2.7 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Total Saturated fatty acids (g/d) 4 | 4.2 | 30.8 | 12.7 | — | — | — | — | — | — | As low as possible1,2,3 | ||
| Phospholipids | ||||||||||||
| Phosphatidylcholine (g/d) | 0 | 1.2 | 0.1 | 0 | 3.5 | 0.3 | 0 | 3.2 | 0.4 | — | — | — |
| Phosphatidylinositol (g/d) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.2 | 0 | — | — | — |
| Phosphatidylserine (g/d) | 0 | 0.1 | 0 | — | — | — | 0 | 0.3 | 0 | — | — | — |
| Phosphatidylethanolamine (g/d) | 0 | 0.3 | 0 | — | — | — | 0 | 0.7 | 0.1 | — | — | — |
| Amino acids | ||||||||||||
| Alanine (g/d) | — | — | — | 0 | 1.4 | 0.5 | 0 | 1.4 | 0.5 | — | — | — |
| Aspartic acid (g/d) | — | — | — | 0 | 3.4 | 1.2 | 0 | 3 | 1.2 | — | — | — |
| Cystine (g/d) | — | — | — | 0 | 0.3 | 0.1 | 0 | 0.5 | 0.1 | — | — | — |
| Glutamic acid (g/d) | — | — | — | 0 | 8.7 | 3 | 0 | 8.4 | 2.4 | — | — | — |
| Glycine (g/d) | — | — | — | 0 | 1 | 0.3 | 0 | 1.2 | 0.4 | — | — | — |
| Isoleucine (g/d) | — | — | — | 0 | 2.1 | 0.5 | 0 | 1.7 | 0.5 | — | — | — |
| Leucine (g/d) | — | — | — | 0 | 3.6 | 0.9 | 0 | 2.9 | 1 | — | — | — |
| Lysine (g/d) | — | — | — | 0 | 2.3 | 0.8 | 0 | 2.3 | 0.7 | — | — | — |
| Methionine (g/d) | — | — | — | 0 | 1 | 0.2 | 0 | 0.8 | 0.2 | — | — | — |
| Phenylalanine (g/d) | — | — | — | 0 | 2 | 0.6 | 0 | 1.7 | 0.6 | — | — | — |
| Proline (g/d) | — | — | — | 0 | 4.3 | 1.1 | 0 | 3.3 | 1 | — | — | — |
| Serine (g/d) | — | — | — | 0 | 1.7 | 0.7 | 0 | 1.9 | 0.6 | — | — | — |
| Threonine (g/d) | — | — | — | — | — | — | 0 | 1.4 | 0.4 | — | — | — |
| Tyrosine (g/d) | — | — | — | 0 | 2 | 0.5 | 0 | 1.6 | 0.5 | — | — | — |
| Valine (g/d) | — | — | — | 0 | 2.6 | 0.6 | 0 | 2 | 0.7 | — | — | — |
AI, adequate intake; DFE, dietary folate equivalent; EAR, estimated average requirement; RAE, retinol activity equivalent; UL, tolerable upper intake level.
Recommendations for children aged 7–11 mo.
Recommendations for children aged 1–3 y.
Recommendations for children aged 4–8 y.
All macronutrient Dietary Recommended Intakes are from Dietary reference intakes for energy, carbohydrate, fiber, fat, fatty acids, cholesterol, protein, and amino acids [54].
Dietary Recommended Intakes are from Dietary reference intakes for vitamin C, vitamin E, selenium, and carotenoids [55].
Dietary Recommended Intakes are from Dietary reference intakes for thiamine, riboflavin, niacin, vitamin B-6, folate, vitamin B-12, pantothenic acid, biotin, and choline [56].
Dietary Recommended Intakes are from Dietary reference intakes for vitamin A, vitamin K, arsenic, boron, iodine, iron, manganese, molybdenum, nickel, silicon, vanadium, and zinc [57].
Dietary Recommended Intakes are from Dietary reference intakes for calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, vitamin D, and fluoride [58].
Dietary Recommended Intakes are from Dietary reference intakes for water, potassium, sodium, chloride, and sulfate [59].