TABLE 3.
Glucose variability parameters in NGT and IGT groups subdivided into no consumption, at least once weekly, and at least once daily consumption subgroups of refined grains
| NGT |
No consumption (n = 3) | At least once weekly (n = 26) | At least once daily (n = 12) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Parameter | ||||
| AUC_glucose (mmol/L × 120 min) | 862 ± 121 | 915 ± 169 | 659 ± 123 | ≥0.05 |
| HbA1c (%) | 5.4 ± 0.2 | 5.4 ± 0.4 | 5.4 ± 0.3 | ≥0.05 |
| CV (%) | 19 (12–19) | 17 (15–19) | 16 (14–17) | ≥0.05 |
| Mean interstitial glucose (mmol/L) | 5.1 (4.3–5.1) | 4.7 (4.5–4.8) | 4.6 (4.5–4.8) | ≥0.05 |
| SD (mmol/L) | 0.7 ± 0.1 | 0.8 ± 0.1 | 0.7 ± 0.1 | ≥0.05 |
| CONGA1 | 4.5 ± 0.6 | 4.1 ± 0.3 | 4.2 ± 0.3 | ≥0.05 |
| LI | 0.7 (0.4–0.7) | 0.7 (0.5–1.0) | 0.6 (0.5–0.9) | ≥0.05 |
| J-index | 11.2 (8.3–11.2) | 9.6 (9.0–10.1) | 9.2 (8.9–10.3) | ≥0.05 |
| LBGI | 2.5 (1.5–2.5) | 4.3 (3.6–5.1) | 4.0 (3.4–5.3) | ≥0.05 |
| HBGI | 1.4 ± 0.2 | 0.8 ± 0.5 | 0.7 ± 0.5 | ≥0.05 |
| GRADE | 0.2 (0.1–0.2) | 0.6 (0.4–0.8) | 0.6 (0.3–0.8) | ≥0.05 |
| MAGE | 2.1 (1.6–2.1) | 2.1 (1.7–2.3) | 1.9 (1.7–2.2) | ≥0.05 |
| M-value | 3.1 (1.8–3.1) | 6.3 (5.4–8.5) | 5.8 (4.9–8.9) | ≥0.05 |
| MAG | 0.8 ± 0.2 | 1.0 ± 0.2 | 1.0 ± 0.2 | ≥0.05 |
| IGT | ||||
| Parameter | No consumption (n = 8) | At least once weekly (n = 30) | At least once daily (n = 15) | P value |
| AUC_glucose (mmol/L × 120 min) | 1260 ± 227 | 1190 ± 163 | 1210 ± 172 | ≥0.05 |
| HbA1c (%) | 5.4 ± 0.3 | 5.6 ± 0.3 | 5.7 ± 0.3 | ≥0.05 |
| CV (%) | 21 (15–29) | 21 (17–23) | 20 (17–21) | ≥0.05 |
| Mean interstitial glucose (mmol/L) | 4.4 (3.9–5.0) | 4.7 (4.3–5.0) | 5.2 (4.9–5.8)1,2 | 0.0021 vs. no consumption 0.0102 vs. at least once weekly |
| SD (mmol/L) | 1.0 ± 0.4 | 0.9 ± 0.2 | 1.0 ± 0.2 | ≥0.05 |
| CONGA1 | 3.9 ± 0.5 | 4.2 ± 0.5 | 4.7 ± 0.51,2 | 0.0041 vs. no consumption 0.0122 vs. at least once weekly |
| LI | 0.8 (0.3–1.5) | 0.8 (0.7–1.2) | 1.1 (0.9–1.6) | ≥0.05 |
| J-index | 9.6 (6.7–13.1) | 10.1 (8.7–11.4) | 13.1 (11.1–15.3)1,2 | 0.0091 vs. no consumption 0.0192 vs. at least once weekly |
| LBGI | 6.6 (4.8–9.0) | 4.6 (2.8–6.6) | 2.8 (1.6–3.9)1,2 | 0.0011 vs. no consumption 0.0082 vs. at least once weekly |
| HBGI | 1.5 ± 1.1 | 1.3 ± 0.8 | 1.1 ± 0.3 | ≥0.05 |
| GRADE | 1.5 (0.6–2.7) | 0.8 (0.3–1.4) | 0.6 (0.4–0.8) | ≥0.05 |
| MAGE | 3.1 (1.9–4.1) | 2.4 (2.0–2.7)1 | 2.6 (2.4–3.0) | 0.0451 vs. no consumption |
| M-value | 4.0 (1.7–5.4) | 7.1 (3.7–11.8) | 11.3 (7.6–17.0)1,2 | <0.00011 vs. no consumption 0.0052 vs. at least once weekly |
| MAG | 0.9 ± 0.3 | 1.0 ± 0.2 | 1.1 ± 0.21 | 0.0251 vs. no consumption |
Data are presented as means ± SD or median (25th–75th percentile) depending on their distribution. P < 0.05 is statistically significant. CONGA1, continuous overall net glycemic action; GRADE, glycemic risk assessment in diabetes equation; HBGI, high blood glucose index; IGT, impaired glucose tolerance; LBGI, low blood glucose index; LI, liability index; MAG, mean absolute glucose; MAGE, mean amplitude of glycemic excursions; NGT, normal glucose tolerance. 1 p at least once daily vs no consumption; 2 p at least once daily vs at least once weekly.