Table 1.
Participants' characteristics, systemic hemodynamics, and brain volume.
| Young |
Middle age |
Old |
p-value |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variables | Men | Women | Men | Women | Men | Women | Age | Sex | Age × Sex |
| n | 21 | 31 | 26 | 42 | 21 | 44 | 0.634 | ||
| Age (years) | 35 ± 8 | 33 ± 7 | 56 ± 6 | 59 ± 5 | 71 ± 4 | 71 ± 5 | <0.001 | 0.566 | 0.026 |
| Height (cm) | 177 ± 7 | 163 ± 6 | 176 ± 8 | 163 ± 9 | 174 ± 8 | 162 ± 6 | 0.353 | <0.001 | 0.704 |
| Body mass (kg) | 81 ± 10 | 61 ± 11 | 88 ± 14 | 70 ± 11* | 83 ± 13 | 69 ± 11 | 0.001 | <0.001 | 0.337 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 26 ± 3 | 23 ± 3 | 28 ± 4 | 26 ± 5* | 27 ± 4 | 26 ± 4* | <0.001 | 0.002 | 0.422 |
| Education (years) | 16 ± 2 | 16 ± 2 | 16 ± 2 | 16 ± 2 | 17 ± 2 | 16 ± 2 | 0.538 | 0.097 | 0.737 |
| MMSE (score) | 29 ± 1 | 29 ± 1 | 29 ± 1 | 29 ± 1 | 29 ± 1 | 29 ± 1 | 0.949 | 0.211 | 0.777 |
| Medication use | |||||||||
| Calcium-channel blockers | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 5 (8%) | 0.008 | |||||
| Beta blocker | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | – | |||||
| ARBs | 0 (0%) | 1 (1%) | 5 (8%) | 0.037 | |||||
| ACE inhibitors | 0 (0%) | 7 (10%) | 12 (18%) | 0.004 | |||||
| Diuretics | 0 (0%) | 1 (1%) | 7 (11%) | 0.006 | |||||
| Statins | 2 (4%) | 11 (16%) | 22 (34%) | <0.001 | |||||
| Race (W/B/A) | (37/8/7) | (59/6/3) | (63/1/1) | 0.002 | |||||
| Systemic hemodynamics | |||||||||
| Heart rate (bpm) | 64 ± 8 | 67 ± 10 | 64 ± 9 | 63 ± 8 | 64 ± 7 | 64 ± 7 | 0.464 | 0.574 | 0.366 |
| SBP (mmHg) | 113 ± 8 | 105 ± 9 | 116 ± 12 | 112 ± 10* | 122 ± 12 | 117 ± 12*† | <0.001 | 0.001 | 0.509 |
| MAP (mmHg) | 86 ± 7 | 80 ± 7 | 90 ± 9 | 88 ± 8* | 92 ± 9 | 87 ± 10* | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.507 |
| DBP (mmHg) | 72 ± 8 | 64 ± 6 | 74 ± 8 | 72 ± 7* | 74 ± 9 | 67 ± 8 | 0.004 | <0.001 | 0.185 |
| Brain volume | |||||||||
| ICV (mL) | 1660 ± 144 | 1464 ± 139 | 1679 ± 131 | 1419 ± 122 | 1738 ± 182 | 1457 ± 125 | 0.216 | <0.001 | 0.217 |
| Total volume (mL) | 1380 ± 101 | 1275 ± 101 | 1357 ± 115 | 1187 ± 83* | 1301 ± 100 | 1169 ± 73* | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.167 |
| (%ICV) | 83 ± 3 | 87 ± 4 | 81 ± 3 | 84 ± 4* | 75 ± 6 | 81 ± 6*† | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.256 |
| Gray matter (mL) | 812 ± 64 | 744 ± 56 | 780 ± 60 | 678 ± 47* | 739 ± 54 | 673 ± 45*† | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.108 |
| (%ICV) | 49 ± 2 | 51 ± 2 | 46 ± 2 | 48 ± 3* | 43 ± 4 | 46 ± 4*† | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.163 |
| White matter (mL) | 531 ± 59 | 483 ± 50 | 538 ± 62 | 465 ± 49 | 527 ± 56 | 454 ± 41 | 0.245 | <0.001 | 0.349 |
| (%ICV) | 32 ± 2 | 33 ± 2 | 32 ± 2 | 33 ± 2* | 30 ± 2 | 31 ± 2*† | <0.001 | 0.006 | 0.942 |
BMI: body mass index; MMSE: Mini-Mental State Examination; ARBs: angiotension receptor blockers; ACE: angiotension converting enzyme; W: white; B: black; A: Asian; bpm: beats per minute; BP: blood pressure; SBP: systolic BP; MAP: mean arterial pressure; DBP: diastolic BP, ICV: intracranial volume. The volume of total brain, gray matter, and white matter were normalized to the ICV (ICV%). Data are mean ± standard deviation. Bold values represent p < 0.05. Results from one-way analysis of variance p < 0.05 * vs young; p < 0.05 † vs. middle age.