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. 2023 Apr 23;13(8):2616–2631. doi: 10.7150/thno.83920

Figure 2.

Figure 2

Non-coding RNAs produced by RNA splicing. (A) Precursor long non-coding RNAs (pre-lncRNAs) undergo splicing factor-mediated alternative splicing, which triggers the L/S switch. The long splicing isoforms, such as PXN-AS1-L, PXN-AS1-IR3, PCAT19-Long and NEAT1_2, have been reported to promote tumorigenesis. (B) LncRNAs PNUTS and PD-L1-lnc generated by bifunctional pre-mRNA splicing can promote carcinogenesis. (C) CircRNAs produced by backing splicing of host genes are involved in the regulation of several biological processes. For instance, CDR1as, circSMARCA5 and circPPP1R12A affect cancer progression through sponging miR-7, forming an R-loop with parental DNA, and producing peptides, respectively. (D) SnoRNAs (SNORA23 and SNORA42) are produced by splicing of the intronic region of the host genes, while sno-derived RNAs (sdRNAs) sdRNA68 and sdRNA104 are produced by FUS-mediated self-splicing of some snoRNAs. Both snoRNAs and sdRNAs are reported to alter the process of tumorigenesis in some cancers.