Table 1.
LncRNAs involved in the dysregulated alternative splicing events for carcinogenesis and progression
| LncRNA | Mechanism | Target genes | Patterns | Biology function | Related diseases or processes | Refs |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PXN-AS1 | interacts with SF MBNL3 | pre-PXN-AS1 → PXN-AS1-L | ES: exon 4 (-) | promotes proliferation and tumorigenesis | Hepatocellular carcinoma | 35 |
| interacts with DDX17 | pre-PXN-AS1 → PXN-AS1-IR3 | IR: intron 3 | activates MYC pathway | Hepatocellular carcinoma | 36 | |
| PCAT19 | produces long isoform that interacts with HNRNPAB | pre-PCAT19 → PCAT19-Long | / | activate a subset of cell-cycle genes | Prostate cancer | 37 |
| NEAT1 | produces two isoforms and the long has tumor-promoting effect | pre-NEAT1 → NEAT1_2 | / | promotes cell growth and metastasis | Non-small cell lung cancer, Papillary thyroid cancer | 38, 39 |
| lncRNA-PNUTS | produced by hnRNPE1-mediated AS of PUNTS | PNUTS pre-mRNA → lncRNA-PNUTS | A3SS (exon 12) | promotes tumor progression | Breast cancer, Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition | 43 |
| PD-L1-lnc | produced by AS of PD-L1 | PD-L1 pre-mRNA → PD-L1-lnc | / | enhances c-Myc transcriptional activity | Lung adenocarcinoma | 44 |
| Linc01232 | suppresses the degradation of HNRNPA2B1 | A-Raf pre-mRNA → A-Raf FL | ES (-) | activates MAPK/ERK signaling pathway | Pancreatic cancer | 54 |
| DGCR5 | binds with SRSF1 to increase its stability | Mcl pre-mRNA → Mcl-1L | ES: exon 2 (-) | inhibits cell apoptosis | Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma | 55 |
| SNHG6 | recruits and binds to hnRNPA1 | PKM pre-mRNA → PKM2 | MXE (exon 9,10) | enhances aerobic glycolysis | Colorectal cancer | 56 |
| PLANE | recruits and binds to hnRNPM | NCOR2 pre-mRNA → NCOR2-202 (-) | A5SS (intron 45) | promotes proliferation and tumorigenicity | Pan-cancer | 119 |
| BC200 | recruits and binds to hnRNPA2B1 | BCL-X pre-mRNA → BCL-XL | A5SS (exon 2) (-) | promotes cell proliferation | Breast cancer, Apoptosis | 120 |
| LincRNA-uc002yug.2 | binds to SRSF1 and MBNL | RUNX1 pre-mRNA → RUNX1a | / | promotes cell proliferation and tumor growth | Esophageal cancer | 121 |
| PNCTR | recruits RBPs PTBP1and down-regulates them | CHEK2 pre-mRNA → CHEK (-) | ES: exon 8 (-) | promotes cell survival | Pan-cancer | 57 |
| TPM1-AS | combines competitively with RBM4 | TPM1 pre-mRNA → TPM1 V2 and V7 (-) | MXE (exons 2a,2b) | inhibits cancer cell migration and formation of filopodia | Esophageal cancer | 122 |
| KASRT | interacts with SRSF1and down-regulates it | KLF6 pre-mRNA → KLF6-SV1 | IR (-) | modulates P21/CCND1 pathway | Osteosarcoma | 123 |
| LINC01133 | combines competitively with SRSF6 | / | / | inhibits epithelial-mesenchymal transition and metastasis | Colorectal cancer | 124 |
| lncRNA AB074169 (lncAB) | combines competitively with RBP KHSRP and decreases its expression | p21 pre-mRNA→ p21 (CDKN1a) (-) | / | inhibits cell proliferation and tumor growth | Papillary thyroid cancer | 125 |
| CCAT1 | targets miR-490 and up-regulates hnRNPA1 expression | / | / | promotes cell migration | Gastric cancer | 61 |
| LOC90024 | encodes SRSP which interacts with SRSF3 | Sp4 pre-mRNA → L-Sp4 | ES: exon 3 (-) | promotes cancer tumorigenesis and progression | Colorectal cancer | 67 |
| HOXB-AS3 | encodes HOXB-AS3 peptide which competitively binds to hnRNPA1 | PKM pre-mRNA → PKM2 (-) | MXE (exon 9,10) | regulates cancer metabolism reprogramming | Colorectal cancer | 68 |
| asFGFR2 | creates a chromatin environment and inhibits SF MRG15-PTB binding | FGFR2 pre-mRNA → FGFR2-IIIb | ES: exon IIIb (-) | suppresses cell proliferation and migratory potential | Hepatocellular carcinoma | 69, 71 |
| ENST00000501665.2 | binds to RBPs of SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling complex | OIP5 pre-mRNA →OIP5 | / | enhances expression of the oncogene | HEK293 cell | 70 |
| Fas-AS1 | forms RNA-RNA duplexes with Fas pre-mRNA and recruits SPF45 | Fas pre-mRNA → sFas | ES: exon 6 | inhibits cell apoptosis | Apoptosis | 74 |
| ZEB2 | forms RNA-RNA duplexes with ZEB2 pre-mRNA | ZEB2 pre-mRNA → ZEB2 | IR | downregulates E-cadherin expression | Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition | 75 |
| UXT-AS1 | forms RNA-RNA duplexes with UXT pre-mRNA | UXT pre-mRNA → UXT2 | A5SS | promotes cell proliferation and inhibits cell apoptosis | Colorectal cancer | 76 |
* (-) refers to down-regulated AS products of target genes or suppressed AS events.