Table. Demographic and Clinical Characteristics of Patients and Controls.
| Characteristics | Participants, No. (%) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Vaccine myocarditis (n = 10) | MIS-C (n = 10) | Healthy pre-pandemic pediatric controls (n = 10) | Healthy vaccinated adults (n = 10) | Adult myocarditis (n = 1) | |
| Age, median (IQR), y | 15 (14-16) | 10 (13-14) | 8 (12.5-14) | >21 | 41 |
| Male, No. (%) | 10 (100) | 6 (60) | 5 (50) | 5 (50) | 1 (100) |
| Ethnicity, No. (%) | |||||
| Arab | 0 | 0 | 2 (20) | 0 | NA |
| Black | 0 | 2 (20) | 2 (20) | 1 (10) | NA |
| Caucasian | 5 (50) | 2 (20) | 3 (30) | 7 (70) | NA |
| Hispanic | 4 (40) | 0 | 0 | 1 (10) | NA |
| South Asian | 0 | 4 (40) | 2 (20) | 1 (10) | 1 (100) |
| Mixed | 1 (10) | 1 (10) | 0 | 0 | NA |
| Unknown | 0 | 1 (10) | 0 | 0 | NA |
| Comorbidities, No. (%) | |||||
| ADHD | 1 (10) | 0 | NR | NR | NR |
| Asthma | 0 | 1 (10) | NR | NR | NR |
| Autism | 1 (10) | 0 | NR | NR | NR |
| Developmental delay | 1 (10) | 0 | NR | NR | NR |
| Eczema | 0 | 2 (20) | NR | NR | NR |
| Myelomeningocele | 1 (10) | 0 | NR | NR | NR |
| Obesity | 2 (20) | 1 (10) | NR | NR | NR |
| Maximum cardiac troponin, median (IQR), ng/La | 7355 (2562.5-17262.5) | 86 (26-384) | NR | NR | 2596 |
| Maximum C-reactive protein, median (IQR), mg/Lb | 34 (16-37.5)c | 227 (189-293) | NR | NR | 89 |
| Echocardiogram findings | |||||
| Coronary artery z-score >2.5 | 0 | 2 (20) | NR | NR | 0 |
| Left ventricular ejection fraction <55% | 5 (50) | 3 (30) | NR | NR | 1 (100) |
| Right ventricular dysfunction | 1 (10) | 0 | NR | NR | 0 |
| Valvular regurgitationd | 1 (10) | 1 (10) | NR | NR | 0 |
| Cardiac MRI findings | |||||
| T1 hyperenhancement | 5 (50) | NR | NR | NR | NR |
| T2 hyperenhancement | 4 (40) | NR | NR | NR | NR |
| Postcontrast delayed enhancement | 3 (30) | NR | NR | NR | NR |
| Shock, No. (%) | 0 | 6 (60) | NA | NA | 1 (100) |
| Inotrope requirement, No. (%) | 0 | 6 (60) | NA | NA | 1 (100) |
| Intensive care support, No. (%) | 0 | 5 (50) | NA | NA | 1 (100) |
| SARS-CoV-2 PCR positive, No. (%) | 0 | 0 | NR | NR | 0 |
| SARS-CoV-2 spike IgG, median (IQR)e | 76.9 (73.6-94.4)f | 4.7 (4.7-4.7)g | 0.27 (0.34-0.46) | 1.9 (2.3-3.0) | NR |
| SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid IgG positive | 1 (10) | NR | NR | NR | NR |
| Immunomodulatory treatment | 10 (100)h | 7 (70)i | NA | NA | 0 |
Abbreviations: ADHD, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder; IgG, immunoglobulin G; NA, not applicable; NR, not reported; PCR, polymerase chain reaction.
To convert troponin to micrograms per liter, multiply by 1.0.
Normal range is below 14 ng/L.
Normal range is below 3 mg/L.
Performed on 7 of 10 patients.
Valvular regurgitation was defined as anything more severe than mild tricuspid or mild mitral valve regurgitation.
Normal range is between 0 and 2.
Performed on 3 of 10 patients.
Performed on 7 of 10 patients.
All 10 participants treated with ibuprofen and 1 participant (10%) concurrently with prednisolone.
Treatment included 6 participants (60%) with glucocorticoids, 5 (50%) with intravenous immunoglobulin, 3 (30%) with tocilizumab, and 1 (10%) with anakinra.