Table 3.

Risk-of-bias (RoB) assessment based on the revised Cochrane RoB tool for randomized trials (RoB 2.0).^a

Study, year	Randomization biasb	Deviation biasc	Missing data biasd	Measurement biase	Selection biasf	Overall
Direito et al [69], 2015	+	+	+	+	+	+
Edney et al [66], 2020	+	+	+	+	+	+
Fanning et al [57], 2017	?	?	?	+	?	−
Fukuoka et al [58], 2019	+	+	+	+	+	+
Garcia-Ortiz et al [73], 2018	+	?	?	+	+	?
Garde et al [74], 2018	+	?	?	+	?	−
Glynn et al [75], 2014	?	+	+	+	+	?
Gremaud et al [59], 2018	+	?	+	+	?	?
Harries et al [76], 2016	?	?	+	+	?	−
Hurkmans et al [77], 2018	−	?	+	+	+	−
King et al [60], 2016	+	+	+	+	?	?
Kitagawa et al [70], 2020	?	+	+	+	?	?
Leinonen et al [72], 2017	+	−	−	+	+	−
Lyons et al [61], 2017	+	+	+	+	+	+
Martin et al [56], 2015	+	+	+	+	?	?
Pope and Gao [62], 2020	−	?	+	+	?	−
Recio-Rodriguez et al [78], 2016	+	?	?	+	+	?
Robertson et al [67], 2018	+	−	−	+	?	−
Schade et al [63], 2020	?	?	−	+	?	−
Simons et al [68], 2018	−	?	+	+	?	−
Walsh et al [71], 2016	+	+	+	+	?	?
Zhang, and Jemmott [64], 2019	+	?	+	+	?	?
Zhou et al [65], 2018	+	+	+	+	?	?

^a+ = low risk of bias; ?=some concerns; −=high risk of bias.

^bBias arising from the randomization process.

^cBias because of deviations from the intended intervention.

^dBias because of missing outcome data.

^eBias because of measurement tools used to collect outcome data.

^fBias in selection of the reported result.