Table 1.

A summary of in vivo animal studies published on the effect of glycated proteins on the intestinal epithelium.

In Vivo Animal Studies
Model	Synthesis conditions				Characterization	Experimental conditions					Observed Effects		Reference
	Heating	Reducing Agent	Temperature	Time		Background Animal	Disease	Type of treatment	Duration	Control group	Tight Junctions	Inflammation
Heated diet	Dry	N.A.	160 °C	1 h	NBT assay LC-MS/MSa	C57BL/6 mice	None	Standard diet	24 weeks	Non-heated dietf	↕	X	[30]
	Wet	N.A.	150 °C	1.5 h	None	Balb/c mice	None	Standard diet	3 weeks	Non-heated diet	X	–	[31]
	Wet	N.A.	150 °C	4 h	None	Balb/c mice	None	Standard diet	3 weeks	Non-heated diet	X	–	[31]
	Wet	N.A.	150 °C	1.5 h	None	Balb/c mice	DSS-induced colitis	Standard diet	3 weeks	Non-heated diet	X	↓	[31]
	Wet	N.A.	150 °C	4 h	None	Balb/c mice	DSS-induced colitis	Standard diet	3 weeks	Non-heated diet	X	↓	[31]
	Dry	N.A.	125 °C	3 h	LC-MS/MSb	Sprague–Dawley rats	None	Standard diet	18 weeks	Non-heated dietg	↓	X	[28]
Glycated protein	Dry	Glucose	55 °C	6 h	Fluorescent intensity LC-MS/MSc	C57BL/6 mice	None	Fish Protein	15 weeks	Non-heated fish protein with glucoseh	↑	↓	[29]
	Dry	Glucose	55 °C	12 h	Fluorescent intensity LC-MS/MSd	C57BL/6 mice	None	Fish Protein	15 weeks	Non-heated fish protein with glucoseh	–	–	[29]
	Dry	Glucose	55 °C	24 h	Fluorescent intensity LC-MS/MSe	C57BL/6 mice	None	Fish Protein	15 weeks	Non-heated fish protein with glucoseh	↓	–	[29]

↑ = upregulated, ↓ = downregulated, ↕ = ambiguous, − = no effect, X = not investigated.

^a4.87 μg CML/g chow, 1.38 μg CEL/g chow, 43.49 μg MG-H1/g chow.

^b39 ng free CML/g chow, 14.45 μg protein-bound CML/g chow.

^c21 μg Furosine/mg protein, 8.29 ng CML/mg protein, 0.54 ng CEL/mg protein.

^d26.2 μg Furosine/mg protein, 12.76 ng CML/mg protein, 1.88 ng CEL/mg protein.

^e2.84 μg Furosine/mg protein, 13.31 ng CML/mg protein, 3.96 ng CEL/mg protein.

^f2.58 μg CML/g chow, 0.89 μg CEL/g chow, 34.51 μg MG-H1/g chow.

^g5 ng free CML/g chow, 2.79 μg protein-bound CML/g chow.

^h0.6 μg Furosine/mg protein, 1.05 ng CML/mg protein, 0.24 ng CEL/mg protein.