| short-chain
fatty acids258,285−290
|
– gut microbiota
composition regulation |
– diabetes |
| – gut barrier integrity
support |
–
obesity |
| – energy homeostasis
support |
–
nonalcoholic fatty
liver disease |
| – gut hormone production |
– ulcerative colitis |
| – circadian rhythm
regulation |
–
Crohn’s
disease |
| – proinflammatory
cytokines inhibition |
– colorectal cancer |
| – immunomodulation |
– autism spectrum
disorder |
| – water, sodium,
calcium, magnesium absorption |
– Parkinson’s
disease |
| – regulation
of intestinal pH value |
– diarrhea |
| – IBS |
| – constipation |
| – functional dyspepsia
(FD) |
| bile acids
(BAs)291−295
|
– lipid
and vitamin
absorption regulation |
– obesity |
| – gut microbiota
composition regulation |
– nonalcoholic steatohepatitis |
| – gut hormones production |
– ulcerative colitis |
| – intestinal
immunity |
–
cancer |
| – intestinal electrolyte
and fluid balance |
– multiple sclerosis |
| – gut motility |
– Alzheimer’s
disease |
| – gut barrier integrity |
– Parkinson’s
disease |
| – lipid homeostasis |
– traumatic brain
injury |
| – glucose homeostasis |
– stroke |
| – amino acid homeostasis |
– amyotrophic lateral
sclerosis |
| – circadian rhythm |
– IBS |
| – neurotransmission |
|
| tryptophan
and indole derivatives296−300
|
– gut microbial
spore
formation |
–
ulcerative colitis |
| – drug resistance |
– Crohn’s
disease |
| – biofilm formation |
– obesity |
| – intestinal barrier
function regulation |
– stroke |
| – gut hormone secretion |
– mucosal candidiasis |
| – gut motility |
– autism spectrum
disorder |
| – immunomodulation |
– Alzheimer’s
disease |
| – Parkinson’s
disease |
| – migraine |
| – schizophrenia |
| – IBS |
| choline metabolites301−303
|
– bile acid
synthesis
inhibition |
–
nonalcoholic fatty
liver disease |
| – inflammation promotion |
– obesity |
| – thrombosis |
– diabetes |
| – myocardial hypertrophy
and fibrosis |
–
hypertension |
| – mitochondrial dysfunction
exacerbation |
|
| vitamins304−306
|
– cellular
metabolism
regulation |
–
vitamin-associated
diseases |
| – immunomodulation |
– schizophrenia |
| – cell proliferation |
– autism |
| –
vitamins
supply |
– dementia |
| – IBS |
| – IBD |
| neurotransmitters307−309
|
– gut motility
regulation |
–
Parkinson’s
disease |
| – memory support |
– autism spectrum
disorder |
| – stress response |
– IBD |
| – nervous system |
– IBS |
| – immune response |
| lipids184,310,311
|
– systemic inflammation
promotion |
–
diabetes |
| – hyperinsulinemia
regulation |
–
obesity |
| – immunomodulation |
– nonalcoholic fatty
liver disease |
| – bile
acid synthesis |
–
hyperinsulinemia |
| – hypercholesterolemia |
| – chronic hepatitis
C |
| gases307,312−316
|
– gut motility |
– colitis |
| – gut inflammation |
– ulcer |
| – epithelial
secretion |
– IBS |
| – mucosal blood flow |
