Table 2.

Primer pairs and PCR conditions used for detection of selected antibiotic resistance coding genes

Determining resistance to	Target gene		Primer sequence (5’→3’)		Amplicon size (bp)		Annealing temperature (°C)	Reference
Tetracyclines	tetM		GTG GAC AAA GGT ACA ACG AG CGG TAA AGT TCG TCA CAC AC		406		60.5	[28]
	tetK		GAT CAA TTG TAG CTT TAG GTG AAG G TTT TGT TGA TTT ACC AGG TAC CAT T		155		60.5
	tetL		TGG TGG AAT GAT AGC CCA TT CAG GAA TGA CAG CAC GCT AA		229		60.5
	tetO		AAC TTA GGC ATT CTG GCT CAC TCC CAC TGT TCC ATA TCG TCA		515		60.5
	tetW		GAG AGC CTG CTA TAT GCC AGC GGG CGT ATC CAC AAT GTT AAC		168		60.5	[29]
Macrolides and lincosamides	ermA		CCC GAA AAA TAC GCA AAA TTT CAT CCC TGT TTA CCC ATT TAT AAA CG		590		60.5	[28]
	ermB		TGG TAT TCC AAA TGC GTA ATG CTG TGG TAT GGC GGG TAA GT		745		60.5
	mefA/E		CAA TAT GGG CAG GGC AAG AAG CTG TTC CAA TGC TAC GC		317		60.5
	ermC		AAT CGT CAA TTC CTG CAT GT TAA TCG TGG AAT ACG GGT TTG		299		60.5	[30]
	lnuA		GGT GGC TGG GGG GTA GAT GTA TTA ACT GG GCT TCT TTT GAA ATA CAT GGT ATT TTT CGA TC		323		60.5	[29]
Aminoglycosides	aac(6’)-Ie-aph(2”)-Ia		CAG AGC CTT GGG AAG ATG AAG CCT CGT GTA ATT CAT GTT CTG GC		348		57	[31]
	aph3IIIa		GGC TAA AAT GAG AAT ATC ACC GG CTT TAA AAA ATC ATA CAG CTC GCG		523		57
	ant(4)-Ia		CAA ACT GCT AAA TCG GTA GAA GCC GGA AAG TTG ACC AGA CAT TAC GAA CT		294		57
	aph(2”)-Ic		CCA CAA TGA TAA TGA CTC AGT TCC C CCA CAG CTT CCG ATA GCA AGA G		444		57
	aph(2”)-Id		GTG GTT TTT ACA GGA ATG CCA TC CCC TCT TCA TAC CAA TCC ATA TAA CC		641		57
	ant(6)-Ia		CGG GAG AAT GGG AGA CTT TG CTG TGG CTC CAC AAT CTG AT		563		57	[32]
	aac(6’)-Ii		TGG CCG GAA GAA TAT GGA GA GCA TTT GGT AAG ACA CCT ACG		410		57
	aadE		ATG GAA TTA TTC CCA CCT GA TCA AAA CCC CTA TTA AAG CC		1060		51	[33]
Penicillins	blaZ		ACT TCA ACA CCT GCT GCT TTC TAG GTT CAG ATT GGC CCT TAG		240		60.5	[34]
	mecA		AGT TCT GCA GTA CCG GAT TTG C AAA ATC GAT GGT AAA GGT TGG C		533		57	[35]
	int-Tn (Tn916/ Tn1545)		GCG TGA TTG TAT CTC ACT GAC GCT CCT GTT GCT TCT		1028		57	[36]
	bla		CAT ART TCC GAT AAT ASM GCC CGT STT TAA CTA AGT ATS GY		297		51	[34]
Vancomycin	vanE		TGT GGT ATC GGA GCT GCA G GTC GAT TCT CGC TAA TCC		513		51	[29]
Trimethoprim	dfrA		CTT TTC TAC GCA CTA AAT GTA AG CAT TAT CAA TAA TTG TCG CTC AC		474		51	[37]
	dfrD		GGA AGG GCT TTA CCT GAC AGA AG CGA CAT AAG GCA AGA ACA TAA CAT A		175		51	[37]
Ciprofloxacin	parC		TAT TCY AAA TAY ATC ATT CAR GA GCY TCN GTA TAA CGC ATM GCC G		286		51	[34]