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. 2023 May 18;15(1):2211923. doi: 10.1080/19490976.2023.2211923

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© 2023 The Author(s). Published with license by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. The terms on which this article has been published allow the posting of the Accepted Manuscript in a repository by the author(s) or with their consent.

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Figure 2. — Beta-diversity of each diagnostic group. The beta-diversity is presented using principal coordinate analysis (PCoA), with either Bray-Curtis dissimilarities (a-c), weighted UniFrac (d-f), or unweighted UniFrac (g-i). The individual groups were analyzed as either ADHD (a, d, and g) or ASD (b, e, and h) compared to the non-related children, or as ADHD, ASD, and comorbid ADHD/ASD compared to each other (c, f, and i). Ellipses depict 95% confidence intervals. PERMANOVA results are indicated with adjusted p-values and R² and represent the overall differences in beta-diversity. For cases compared to siblings and non-related children combined, see supplementary figure S2. Pairwise PERMANOVA comparisons can be seen in Supplementary data S1, while confounders as fixed effects are found in supplementary data S2.